America's Second Industrial Revolution

These flashcards cover key topics related to America's Second Industrial Revolution, focusing on industrial changes, economic systems, influential figures, and significant events.

What were the main changes in American society from 1860 to 1920?

By 1920, half of all Americans lived in cities; large corporations produced goods nationally; railroads and telephones connected the country; electric lights and automobiles became common.

What principle does the 'free enterprise' system in America emphasize?

The 'free enterprise' system emphasizes private ownership of production means, allowing individuals to buy and sell goods freely in an open market.

What role did government play in supporting industrialization during the Second Industrial Revolution?

The government adopted a 'laissez-faire' policy but also encouraged industrialization through patent protections, tariffs, and land grants to railroads.

What was the impact of the Civil War on Northern manufacturing?

The Civil War doubled the value of Northern manufacturing due to wartime needs and profits that were reinvested in industries.

What was the Morrill Tariff and its purpose?

The Morrill Tariff, enacted in 1861, was meant to protect American manufacturing from European competition by raising customs duties.

What was the significance of the Bessemer process?

The Bessemer process made steel production more economical, leading to increased railroad construction and the building of various infrastructures such as skyscrapers.

Who invented the telegram and what was its purpose?

Samuel Morse invented the telegraph which allowed for instant long-distance communication.

What invention did Thomas Edison contribute to electricity?

Thomas Edison invented a practical electric light bulb in 1879.

What were 'trusts' and their purpose during the Gilded Age?

Trusts were combinations of companies that aimed to eliminate competition and gain monopoly control over industries.

How did population growth from 1860 to 1920 affect American industry?

Population growth created a steady demand for goods and a supply of cheap labor, which facilitated industrial expansion.

What is meant by 'vertical integration'?

Vertical integration is when a company controls all stages of production and distribution of a product, ensuring lower costs and higher efficiency.

Who was Andrew Carnegie and what was his significance in the industrial age?

Andrew Carnegie was a steel magnate who utilized the Bessemer process and vertical integration, becoming one of the leading figures in America's steel industry.

What was the primary effect of the Sherman Antitrust Act?

The Sherman Antitrust Act aimed to prohibit monopolies and promote competition, although it was initially weakly enforced.

What was the primary criticism of the business leaders during the Gilded Age?

Business leaders were often criticized as 'Robber Barons' for exploiting workers and engaging in unethical practices to amass wealth.

What did the term 'Gilded Age' imply about American society?

The 'Gilded Age' suggested that while society appeared prosperous and wealthy, it concealed serious social and economic issues.