Foundations - Anatomy

Viscera

internal organs of the body that are hollow or tubular, under involuntary control, and insensitive to pain.

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

What are the 3 ventral body cavities?

Circulatory system

composed of the cardiac and lymphatic systems, functions to transport fluids and substances through the body.

Lymphatic system

returns lymph fluids back to the bloodstream, filtered for harmful substances.

Interstitial space

fluid leakage from capillaries drains to where?

Lymph nodes

filters out debris and pathogens before returning interstitial fluid to the blood.

Lymphocytes

immune cells contained in the lymph nodes to fight pathogens.

Thoracic duct

the largest lymphatic vessel that drains into the venous system.

Venous system

Where does filtered lymph return to the cardiovascular system?

Cardiovascular system

composed of the heart and blood vessels which function to circulate blood around the body.

Pulmonary circuit

involves passing blood through lungs for gaseous exchange.

Right ventricle, left atrium

Where does blood leave and enter the heart before and after the pulmonary circuit?

Systemic circuit

circulates to the body’s tissues and involved in thermoregulation.

Parallel circuits

major arteries branch off the aorta to supply organs, e.g. portal circulation in the liver, renal circulation in the kidney.

Left ventricle, right atrium

Where does blood leave and enter the heart before and after the systemic circuit?

Mediastinum

the central part of the thoracic cavity in which the heart sits.

Coronary arteries

the blood vessels providing oxygenated blood to the heart

Coronary sinus

the blood vessels taking away deoxygenated blood from the heart.

Right atrium

receives deoxygenated blood from the body and heart.

Superior vena cava

blood vessel returning deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, arms, and upper chest to the right atrium.

Inferior vena cava

blood vessel returning deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium.

SVC, IVC, CS

What blood vessels feed into the right atrium?

Right ventricle

receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium, pumping it through the pulmonary trunk to the lungs.

Tricuspid valve

valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Pulmonary semilunar valve

valve located between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.

Pulmonary trunk

blood vessel transporting deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

Pulmonary veins

blood vessels transporting oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.

Left ventricle

receives blood ftom the left ventricle, pumping it through the aorta.

Bicuspid valve

valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

Aortic semilunar valve

valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Chordae tendineae

anchor the leaflets of the tri- and bicuspid valves to the papillary muscle.

Mitral valve

another name for the bicuspid valve.

Aorta

blood vessel supplying oxygenated blood from the heart to the circulatory system.

Papillary muscles

pillar-like muscles located in the ventricles of the heart that attach to the tri- and bicuspid via chordae tendineae.

Arteries

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Laceration

arteries are deep to the veins, protecting from blood loss in case of what? Since arteries have greater hydrostatic pressure compared to veins.

Thick, muscular, elastic

List 3 features of arterial walls which allow them to withstand high pressure.

Veins

blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

Thermoregulation

Veins are superficial to arteries, allowing for what?

Thinner walls, wider lumen

List 2 features of veins.

Back flow

prevented by valves in the veins, especially needed in limbs where blood must travel in veins against gravity.

R/L common carotid

arteries delivering blood to the head.

Right common carotid, right subclavian

What 2 arteries branch from the brachiocephalic trunk?

R/L subclavian

arteries delivering blood to the neck, head, and arms.

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian

What are the 3 arteries that branch off from the arch of the aorta.

Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

What 3 unpaired arteries branch from the abdominal aorta supplying the gastrointestinal tract.

Renal arteries

paired arteries branching from the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys with blood.

Gonadal arteries

paired arteries branching from the abdominal aorta that supply the gonads (testes or ovaries) with blood.

Bifurcated

divided into 2 branches.

Deep veins

veins that accompany their respective artery.

Superficial veins

veins that are close to the body surface.

Cephalic vein

major superficial vein of upper limb, on radial side from hand to the shoulder

Great saphenous vein

the longest superficial vein in the body, running along the inside of the leg from the foot to the groin.

Respiratory tract

responsible for ventilation, respiration, sound production, and olfaction.

Ventilation, respiration, sound production, olfaction

List the 4 functions of the respiratory system.

Ventilation

mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs.

Respiration

process of bringing in oxygen from the external environment into the body and removing carbon dioxide as waste.

Trachea

extends from the larynx in the neck to conduct air to and from the lungs.

R/L primary bronchi

What does the trachea bifurcate into?

3 secondary bronchi

What does the right primary bronchi divide into?

2 secondary bronchi

What does the left primary bronchi divide into?

Pleural sac

thin, double-layered, membrane enclosing each lung.

2 fissures, 3 lobes

Describe the number of fissures and lobes in the right lung.

1 fissure, 2 lobes

describe the number of fissures and lobes in the left lung.

Gastrointestinal tract

or alimentary canal, continuous muscular tube from mouth to anus.

Ingestion

function of the GIT – taking in food orally.

Propulsion

function of the GIT - movement of food along tract, involving swallowing and peristalsis.

Peristalsis

a series of involuntary, wave-like muscle contractions that move food, liquids, and waste through the digestive tract.

Mechanical breakdown

function of the GIT - food broken down into smaller pieces by chewing and muscular contraction for chemical digestion.

Chemical digestion

function of the GIT - macromolecules broken into their monomers via enzymes.

Absorption

function of the GIT - transport of digested end products into blood through the intestinal walls.

Excretion

function of the GIT - elimination of indigestible matter from body as faeces.

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

List the parts of the colon between the cecum and rectum.

Cecum

a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines.

Rectum

the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.

Duodenum

the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum.

Jejunum

the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum.

Ileum

the third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the caecum.

Portal circulation

vascular pathway where nutrient-rich blood from GIT travels to the liver for detoxification and nutrient storage before re-entering general systemic circulation.

Portal vein

carries nutrient-rich blood from the GIT to the liver.

Hepatic vein

carries blood after filtering in the liver to the inferior vena cava.

Capillary bed

dense, interconnected network of tiny blood vessels that connects arterioles to venules.

Filtration

function of the 1st renal capillary bed – water, ions, glucose, wand wastes leave the bloodstream; proteins and blood cells remain.

Resorption

function of the 2nd renal capillary bed – essential substances are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

Glomerulus

specialised capillary bed located at the beginning of a nephron in the kidney acting as the primary filtering unit of the kidney.

Peritubular capillaries

specialised capillary bed surrounding the renal tubules in the facilitating the reabsorption of nutrients and secretion of waste products into the tubule.

Secretion

function of the 2nd renal capillary bed - additional waste products are secreted into the renal tubules.

Ureters

the duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder.

Urethra

the duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder.

Long

type of bone where its length exceeds its width, functioning to facilitate movement and support body weight, e.g. femur, tibia, humerus, radius, ulna, and phalanges.

Short

cube-shaped bones, i.e. roughly equal in length, width, and height, designed for stability, support, and limited motion, e.g. carpals and tarsals.

Flat

thin, curved bones that provide protection to internal organs and surfaces for muscle attachment, e.g. skull, ribs, sternum.

Sesamoid

type of bone embedded within a tendon or muscle, functioning pulleys to increase mechanical leverage for muscles, e.g. patella, smaller sesamoids in hands and feet.

Irregular

type of bones with complex, non-symmetrical shapes that do not fit into the other classifications, e.g. vertebrae, hip bones.

Sutural

bone pieces found within the sutures of the cranium.

Osteon

structural unit of the cortical bone.

Cortical, compact

dense, hard outer layer of bone that provides structural integrity, protection, and strength to withstand compressive forces (list 2 names).

Cancellous, spongy, trabecular

weaker, less dense, flexible inner layer containing red marrow and reduces skeletal weight.

Trabeculae

thin threads of bone giving cancellous bone its honey-comb like appearance