DDS LECT FINALS - PT 3

Simple solutions
Chemical reaction
Solution by extraction

Methods in Preparing Solutions

Simple solutions

prepared by dissolving the solute in most of the solvent, mixing until dissolved

then adding sufficient solvent to bring the solution up to the proper volume.

Chemical reaction

prepared by reacting two or more solutes with each other in a suitable solvent.

Solution by extraction

vegetable or animal origin are often extracted with suitable solvent.

1. Applying heat

2. Using a solubilizing agent

3. Reducing the particle size

4. Vigorous agitation

Several Techniques to hasten dissolution

1. Oral Solution

2. Syrup

3. Topical Solutions

4. Elixir

5. Vaginal & Rectal Solution

6. Topical Tincture

7. Non-aqueous solution

8. Miscellaneous solutions

Pharmaceutical Solutions

flavorants and colorants, stabilizers and preservatives

Most solutions intended for oral administration contain?

5, 10 and 15 mL

usual dose of the medication in a conveniently administered volume

dry mixture and a suitable solvent.

what does oral solution constitute?

Dry Mixture For Solution

Medicinal agents with insufficient stability in aqueous solution are produced in a dry mixture for solution to be reconstituted.

7-14 days

Once reconstituted dry mixture solution remains stable when stored in the refrigerator for a labeled period of ?

1. Oral Rehydration Solution

2. Oral Colonic Lavage Solution

3. Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution

4. Sodium Citrate and Citric Acid Oral Solution

Types of Oral Solution

Oral Rehydration Solution

Given to replaced or replenish the rapid fluid loss/ dehydration associated with diarrhea.

Sodium, Potassium and bicarbonate ions.

The loss of fluid during diarrhea is accompanied by depletion of?

Oral Rehydration Solution

Replace lost fecal water

● 45 mEq sodium

● 20 mEq potassium

● 35 mEq chlorides

● 30 mEq citrate

● 25 g dextrose

Typical ORS contains: (1000 ml)

Oral Colonic Lavage Solution

Used in preparation of the bowel for procedures such as colonoscopy.

PEG-ES

balanced solution of electrolytes with polyethylene glycol.

Oral Colonic Lavage Solution

Act as osmotic agent in GIT and balanced electrolyte concentration

Oral Colonic Lavage Solution

Management of acute iron overdose in children

4 L (4,000 ml) solution

Dose of Oral Colonic Lavage Solution

SYRUPS

Concentrated aqueous preparations of a sugar or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances.

a. Non Medicated syrup

b. Medicated syrup

c. Simple syrup

Types of Syrups

SYRUPS

Provide a pleasant means of administering a liquid form of disagreeable-tasting drug.

SYRUPS

Contains little or no alcohol that adds to the their favor among parents.

A. Sucrose or sugar substitute

B. Antimicrobial preservative

C. Flavorants

D. Colorants

E. Special solvents, Solubilizing agents, thickeners,

Stabilizers (optional)

Components of Syrup

SYRUP, NE (SIMPLE SYRUP)

Prepared by dissolving 85 g of sucrose in enough purified water to make 1000 ml of syrup

SYRUP, NE (SIMPLE SYRUP)

Inherently stable and resistant to the growth of microorganisms.

1.313

specific gravity of syrup

conc of 85%

at what conc. is syrup considered as self-preservative?

● Solution with the aid of heat

● Agitation without the use of heat

● Reconstitution

● Percolation

PREPARATION OF SYRUP

Solution with the aid of heat

Desired method to prepare the syrup as quickly as possible and when the syrup's components are not damaged or volatilized by heat.

Prevent hydrolytic reaction of Sucrose which is inversion.

Caramelization

Caution must be exercised for solution with the aid of heat for syrup?

Solution by Agitation Without the Aid of Heat

Used to avoid heat-induced inversion of sucrose

Solution by Agitation Without the Aid of Heat

More time consuming but product has maximum stability.

Ipecac Syrup

prepared by adding glycerin and syrup to an extractive of powdered ipecac obtained by percolation.

Mouthwashes and Gargles

Types of TOPICAL ORAL (DENTAL) SOLUTION

Mouthwashes

Are aqueous solutions used for deodorant, refreshing

Gargles

Are aqueous solutions used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs through the gargle which is held in the throat.

ELIXIR

Are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use and usually flavored o enhance their palatability.

Nonmedicated elixir and Medicated elixir

Types of Elixir

○ Sucrose or sucrose syrup

○ Sorbitol

○ Glycerin

○ Artificial sweeteners

Sweeteners of Elixir

simple solution with agitation or by admixture of two or more liquid ingredients

Preparation of Elixir

Talc

used as filter aid in the preparation of elixirs

TINCTURES

Are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances.

Simple Syrup

beginning of all syrups

Sucrose

is the sugar most frequently employed. Sugar substitutes include sorbitol, glycerin or propylene glycol

benzoic acid (COMMONLY-ADDED) (0.1% to 0.2%), sodium benzoate (0.1% to 0.2%), combination of methyl and propylparaben (0.1%)

what are commonly used as antimicrobial preservatives for syrup?

Simple solution

Methods of tincture for chemical substance

Percolation

Methods of tincture for Vegetable Materials

15% to 80%

Alcohol content of Tinctures

Paregoric, USP
Laudanum, USP
Iodine Tincture

Examples of Tinctures

Paregoric, USP

Camphorated opium tincture - Oral - Obsolete due to Opium

Laudanum, USP

Opium tincture - More potent than Paregoric, USP - AKA Opium Tincture, USP - Oral - Obsolete due to Opium

Iodine Tincture

Has iodine content - Topical

Iodine Tincture
Compound benzoin tincture
Thimerosal tincture

Topical Tinctures

2% iodine crystals and 2.4% sodium iodide

In Iodine Tincture, it is Prepared by dissolving ______ and ______ in an amount of alcohol equal to half the volume of tincture

Iodine Tincture

Local anti-infective agent

Iodine Tincture

Reddish-brown color produces stain in the skin, useful in delineating the application over the affected skin area

10% benzoin

Compound Benzoin Tincture is Prepared by maceration in alcohol of ____ and lesser amount of Aloe, storax and tolu balsam totalling 24% of starting material

Compound Benzoin Tincture

Categorized as PROTECTANT

Thimerosal Tincture

Has the same general remarks about thimerosal topical solution except sodium chloride and sodium borate are absent and the vehicle are water, acetone & 50% alcohol

● Simple dissolving/solution

● Chemical reaction

● Maceration

TOPICAL SOLUTIONS AND TINCTURES are prepared by?

1. Sprays

2. Aluminum acetate topical solution

3. Aluminum subacetate topical solution

4. Calcium hydroxide topical solution

5. Coal tar topical solution

6. Hydrogen peroxide topical solution

7. Chlorhexidine gluconate solution

8. Povidone-iodine topical solution

9. Thimerosal topical

exmaples of TOPICAL SOLUTIONS AND TINCTURES

SPIRITS (Essenses)

Are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances.

SPIRITS (Essenses)

Flavoring agent and medicinally for the therapeutic value of aromatic solute.

1. Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

2. Camphor Spirit

3. Compound Orange Spirit

4. Peppermint Spirit

Examples of Spirits

Vaginal Douches
Retention Enemas
Evacuation Enemas

Solutions of Vaginal & Rectal Solutions

Vaginal Douches

For irrigation cleansing of vagina

Retention Enemas

Influences the general system by absorption or affect a local disease

(Imaging or Radiopaque Media)

Evacuation Enemas

Used to cleanse the bowel

AROMATIC WATERS

Are clear, aqueous solutions saturated with volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances.

a. Orange flower oil

b. Peppermint oil

c. Rose oil

d. Camphor

e. Spearmint oil

f. Wintergreen oil

g. Anise oil

h. Chloroform

Examples of aromatic waters

SPRAYS

May defined as aqueous or oleaginous solutions in the form of coarse droplets or as finely divided solids to be applied topically

SPRAYS

Non-invasive 

Quickness with medication delivery systemically

Aromatic Waters

Use as perfumery

Liniments and Collodions

Types of Non-Aqueous Solutions

Liniments

Non-Aqueous - Oleaginous Solution

Liniments

Alcoholic/Oleaginous solutions or emulsions of various medicinal substances intended to be rubbed on the skin

Hydroalcoholic Liniment adn Oleaginous Liniment

Examples of Liniments

Hydroalcoholic Liniment

It is Liniment that is Rubefacient, counterirritant, or penetrating action

Collodions

Liquid preparations composed of pyroxylin dissolved in a solvent

mixture (comp. of alcohol & ether) with or without medicinal substances

To be used externally

Pyroxylin

Flexible Collodion

Salicylic Acid Collodion

Examples of Collodions

Pyroxylin

- AKA nitrocellulose or soluble cotton gun

- Obtained by the action of a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids on cotton

Flexible Collodion

- Combination of pyroxylin, 10% salicylic acid, 2% camphor & 3% castor oil

Wintergreen Oil

Most common Oleaginous Liniment Solvents

“FOR EXTERNAL USE” or “SHAKE WELL”

All liniments should bear a label indicating _______ or _______