AAQ Prep: AP Psychology

Experiment

A research method that tests causal relationships by manipulating one or more independent variables and observing the effect on a dependent variable. Experiments often involve control and experimental groups to ensure valid results.

Correlational Study

A non-experimental research method used to assess the relationship or correlation between two variables.

meta-analysis

A statistical technique that combines the results of multiple studies to identify overall trends and effects.

case study

A research method that involves an in-depth examination of a single individual, group, or event over time, providing detailed qualitative data.

Usually a small group (1-5 people)

natural observation

A research method that involves observing subjects in their natural environment without manipulation or control by the researcher.

independent variable

The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable. (CONTROLLABLE)

dependent variable

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment; it is affected by changes in the independent variable. (UNCONTROLLABLE)

confounding variable

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment, potentially skewing results.

Mean

average

Mode

most prevalent

Median

middle of the data set

Range

differenc between the biggest and smallest

Standard deviation

a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values.

statistical significance

the likelihood that a relationship or difference observed in data is not due to chance.

Informed consent

the process by which participants are fully informed about the study and agree to participate voluntarily.

no coercion

forbids one person from forcing another to do something they don’t want to

right to withdraw

the participant's ability to exit a study at any time without penalty.

no harm (pyschological or physical)

Research participants should not experience any physical or psychological injury as a result of their participation.

Condiedentiality

The ethical principle that requires researchers to protect the privacy of participants by keeping their information secure and undisclosed.

debrief afterwards

Participants are given information about the study after it concludes, including its purpose and any potential effects.