Key Topic 4-Aspects of Life

what did the weimar constitution say about education?

schools should contribute to a young person’s development

a commitment that all schools should serve to advance a young person no matter their background

what did the school law of 1920 do?

created a single type of elementary school that was available to all students from the age of 4

schools that selected students based on background and religion were slowly phased out

what were the 3 types of secondary school?

gymnasium

realgymnasium

oberrealschule

did weimar succeed in phasing out religious education?

not fully

could create private schools but not public schools

were weimar successful in giving all students access to education?

no

did create a new kind of secondary school called aufbauschule

what did the government do to try and ensure education equality?

school inspection for state and private schools to try and make sure similar standards were met

what did the zentrum party try and do to give the church more control on schools?

1921 and 1927

tried to pass laws, defeated by SPD

what did Rudolf Steiner do for radical educational reforms?

developed new kind for schooling which rejected hierarchy

learnt with whole bodies

opened 4 schools between 1919-1925

how did many people feel about weimar culture?

embraced it

liked uncertainty and new exciting times

had the ability to critique the gov and depict war from glorification to disgust

experimental bleak dark and disturbing, reflection?

what did the right wing think about new weimar culture?

wanted to return to glorification of war

nazis organised boycotts and disruption in cinemas when unpatriotic films on

many jews were in entertainment industry-anti-semitism fuelled

in 1933, how many women were teachers and musicians?

100,000 teachers

13,000 musicians

in what year were women given the vote? (and could be elected into reichstag)

1918

how many female doctors were there by 1933?

5,000

what is the term applied to women who wore more revealing clothes and were part of the city culture that emerged in the 1920s?

cabaret

new women

true or false: married women were encouraged to work (weimar)

false

was the birth rate increasing or decreasing in weimar germany?

decreasing

what percent of the working class were in university?

2\.3%

how many protestant schools were there in the weimar period?

29,000

what was the name of the new movement of painting that appeared during ‘the golden years’ of the wr?

new objectivity

what was the name of the most famous director in the ‘golden years’?

fritz lang

what is the term given to the shows that were popular during this era?

cabaret

what is the term given to the group leading the way in a new type of architecture, which pioneered simple shapes in their buildings?

bauhaus

name the three groups who were very traditional and disliked the cultural change as being ‘nicht Deutsche’?

army

rural areas

elderly

what was the most anti-semitic organisation in weimar?

German peoples offensive and defensive alliance

170,000

how many were in the reich federation of jewish front soldiers in ww1?

85,000 fought

12,000 died

how many polish speakers were in germany in 1925?

200,000

how many polish people had left germany by 1933?

30,000

what percentage of the population were jewish in 1918?

1%

what was the name of the most aggressive anti-semitic organisation in weimar?

German peoples offensive and defensive alignment

which state passed a series of laws against gypsies in 1926 and 1927?

Bavaria

how many poles left the country between 1925 and 1933 on account of the hostility they faced?

30,000

how man mixed race children were born as a result of the arrival of black units in the Ruhr in 1923?

500

did the nazi propaganda on a woman’s ‘role’ work?

some did stay home

many voluntary leave the workplace, pushed out of civil service, by 1936 there were no female judges or jury members

how did the percentage of women working fall from 1932-1939?

1932-37%

1939-33%

how many women participated in frauenwerk organisations?

4 million

how did social services improve for women having children in nazi germany?

vast expansion of health offices, particularly in rural areas

improved maternity benefits and family allowances

infant mortality dropped from 7.7% in 1933 to 6.6% in 1936

how did the marriage rate go up in nazi germany?

1937-700,000 marriage loans to married couples

how was motherhood glorified in nazi germany?

honour cross of the German mother in bronze, silver and gold for 4, 6 and 8 children

mother’s day made a national holiday

what was the lebensborn programme?

started in 1935

SS men encouraged to have children with ‘racially pure’ women

had its own hospital, clinics and homes for children born on programme

how did encouragement of divorce and sterilisation go against nazi aims?

divorce rates increased after 1938

by 1939 375,000 people had been forcibly sterilised

why did women need to work during the war?

greater demand for workers, men at war

labour shortage after 1937

how did women employment go up in nazi germany?

1932-4.8 million

1937-5.9 million

1939-6.9 million

did the birth rate increase in nazi germany?

peaks in 1939 but levels out after

not as high as weimar

lost freedoms like restriction of contraception, anti-abortion laws

mothers monitored by nazi organisations

were women included in decision making'/high work levels?

no

when was the boycott of jewish shops and businesses?

1st April 1933

called by nazis, local violence escalates (storm troopers in Wuppertal torture then drown a jewish dentist)

4 jewish prisoners murdered in dachau

when was the law for the restoration of the civil service?

7th April 1933

excludes jews and ‘politically unreliable’ from government roles, civil service and teaching

what were jewish people excluded from in 1934?

acting, working for the armed forces, taking university or professional exams

when was the law for protection of German blood and German honour?

1935

forbids marriage or sex between germans and jews

when were the nuremberg race laws passed?

15th September 1935

extend all anti-semitic legislations/laws also defines a jew as someone with 3 or 4 jewish grandparents

when was the reich citizenship law passed?

1935

deprived jews of German citizenship

what was done against jewish doctors/patients?

1936

can’t work in government hospitals and can’t use them

25th June 1938

no jewish doctor can treat non-jewish patients

when did jews have to have a ‘J’ stamped into their passport?

5th October 1938

when was kristallnacht?

9th November 1938

burning of synagogues and other anti-jewish violence, including looting of shops and homes

when were all jewish businesses to be stolen from them?

3rd December 1938

and shops

to be ‘aryanised’

when was a jewish curfew set?

1st September 1939

8pm in winter, 9pm in summer

when were radio sets forbidden for jews?

23rd September 1939

what started in September 1939?

einsatzgruppen

murder squads for jews and political opponents

when did all jews in Poland have the wear the Star of David?

23rd November 1939

when was the first large deportation of German jews to ghettos?

12th February 1940

what did all jews over 6 have to wear?

1st September 1941

yellow star of David with ‘Jude’ on it in black

when were experimental death camps set up at chelmono?

8th December 1941

began gassing jews

when was the Wannsee conference?

20th January 1942

authorised use of death camps

how many jewish holocaust victims were due to einsatzgruppen?

2/6 million

how many teachers joined the NSLB?

by 1937, 97%

what could the nazis do by controlling education?

impose their ideology on school children

what did the hitler youth provide?

a hard core nazi fanatics-divisions of the SS fought with ferocity and loyalty in WW2

what did the HJ and BDM provide young people?

opportunities for young people from poor backgrounds-camping and hiking

no class distinctions

how many had joined the hitler youth by 1939 when it was made compulsory?

over 8 million

what were the youth groups expected to do?

help with war effort

report on teachers or family

did nazi’s worsen education?

yes, standards fell

fewer people went to uni- 127,580 in 1932 compared to 40,986 in 1940

how many youths avoided being in the hitler youth?

10%

how many members did the edelweiss pirates have by 1939?

2000

what new schools were added to the weimarxnazi system?

Adolf hitler schools-boarding school that taught nazi ideology with people of aryan descent for over 130 years

NAPOLAS-educate next generation of SS

what happened to black people in nazi germany?

born in Ruhr invasion of 1923

sterilised, 500 in 1935

what happened to gypsies in nazi germany?

forced to live in camps from 1936

1938-himmler forced them to register with state

1939-forbidden to marry an aryan without permit

what happened to gypsies 1940-1945 in nazi germany?

in occupied territories, shot in tens of thousands

more than 21,000 died in auschwitz alone

which painting on the holocaust was seen to be similar to a weimar work?

Alan Moore’s '“Holocaust Horror” 1945

George Grosz '“The Trench”

which painting on a bombing raid was seen to be similar to weimar work?

emil schumacher Bombing Raid” 1946

Otto Dix

what continuities can be seen in weimar and FRG artwork?

both rejected the glorification of war, turning the subject matter to those who had suffered because of it as well as because of a dictator

what continuity can be seen in the expressionist artwork on cultural movements?

Otto dix’ famously gender ambiguous “The Journalist”-open sexuality/gender identity

FRG expressionism on drug culture in 60s and early 70s

Anselm Kiefer’s 1970' '“Winter Wonderland”

what differences are there between weimar and FRG artwork?

graffiti art popular in FRG

gothic tones in weimar, deep reds to show society confused about identity/place in world

FRG use greater bolder of vibrant colours , opportunity ambition and enthusiasm for new world

what continuities can be seen in weimar and FRG music?

weimar popularised jazz and American influence

FRG borrowed heavily from American and European trends in disco

what is the differences between weimar and FRG film?

Berlin was film-making capital of the world

Fritz lang made most expensive motion picture and first moving image to interpret a book

Hollywood giants dominated cultural landscape of FRG

what are the similarities in horror in weimar and FRG?

Nosferatu and the blob (1958), both popular

schloss der vampire 1970s

how are metropolis and Star Wars similar?

science fiction

met-bombastic orchestral soundtracks and rigid social commentary on state of worker relations in weimar

star-supreme in box office 60,70+80s

orchestral music of John Williams and hidden commentary on Vietnam war

how did the younger and older generations disagree on the year zero policy?

younger-hostile to it and hostile to nazis in government

older-wanted to see 1948 as year zero and exclusively look at the future

how did the younger and older generations disagree on the western culture?

younger-enjoyed culture from the US

older-thought the cultural influence of the US was destroying German values and culture

how did the younger and older generations disagree on the support/protests?

younger-took part in protests in the 60s against emergency laws and ex-nazi in gov

older-supported either catholic or protestant church

some conservative youths

how did the younger and older generations disagree on supporting alternative lifestyles?

younger-included LGBTQ+ community

older-more on those in urban cultural movement of weimar

how did the younger and older generations disagree on consumerism?

younger-quite materialistic and enjoyed it

older-thought TV and consumerism was poisoning youth

did enjoy perks of economic miracle

how did the younger and older generations agree on ?

success of the football team

how did the younger and older generations disagree on crime wise?

younger-happier to communicate with occupying forces of the ACC until 1949

older-thought there was a youth crimewave in Germany-many in press reported in 1954-560,000 young offenders 1/4 under 14

how did the younger and older generations disagree on their lifestyle?

younger-wore blue jeans, chewed gum and drank coca-cola

friends/homework

grow hair long and listen ot American music

older-thought they were out of control

saw that as a sign of rebellion and rejection of authority

how did the younger and older generations agree on with music?

younger-german youth ring (1946) coordinate youth groups, singing, folk dances and hiking

older-liked music from ‘Wagner’ but also weimar style

how did the younger and older generations agree on nuclear weapons?

did not like them

how did the younger and older generations disagree on unification with east germany?

younger-wanted reapprochment

older-hostile to the east and saw soviets as the enemy

how did women in the electorate increase between 1972-1987?

1972-5.8%

1987-15.4%

what did the Green Party bring in?

abortion rights

politicians opposed it

how did society feel about women in the workplace in the FRG?

saw war work as temporary, wanted them back at home

labour shortage in economic miracle, increased employment, 50% by 1970

many worked to obtain affluent lifestyle

few women in managerial roles

majority in caring profession

what percentage of men and women would’e supported banning women working with kids under 10?

59%