HE101 Final Exam Flashcards

Sex

Sex

biological attributes in humans and animals

Gender

refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender diverse people

Sexuality

encompasses all aspects of sexual behaviour, including gender identity, orientation, attitudes, and activity

Sexual health

a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality

How is sexuality measured

self-reports, biological measures, implicit measured, behavioural measures

How are people being studied (sexuality)

laboratory and physiological measures, qualitative studies

Ethical considerations for studies in sexuality

informed consent, protection from harm and justice, consideration for extraneous factors

Special populations

Women, LGBTQ+, seniors, adolescents and youth, victims of gender-based violence and sexual assault

Endocrine system

internal regulatory system, extremely communicative, responsible for hormone production

What major physiological processes is the endocrine system involved in

stress response, metabolic rate and energy production, growth, development and function of reproductive system

Puberty

the process of physical maturation where an adolescent reaches sexual maturity

Hormone pathway: Liver

Hypothalamus releases GHRH to the anterior pituitary gland which releases growth hormone to the liver which releases insulin like growth factors which target muscle, bone, cartilage and tissue

Hormone pathway: Thyroid gland

hypothalamus releases TRH which goes to the anterior pituitary which releases thyroid stimulating hormone which goes to the thyroid which releases thyroid hormones which target heart, bone, GI system and metabolism

Hormone pathway: Ovaries and Testes

hypothalamus releases GnRH to the anterior pituitary gland which releases FSH and LH to the ovaries and testes which releases estrogen and progesterone or sperm and testosterone. Female targets are uterine lining, mammary glands and bones and males are bone and muscle tissue

Gigantism

Hypersecretion of growth hormone

Hypothyroidism

lack of thyroid hormone production

Hyperthyroidism

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

PCOS

ovaries produce abnormal amounts of androgen, high levels of LH and thus testosterone

Gynecomastia

an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen, high levels of FSH and thus estrogen

By the age of 25, what percentage of people contract an STi

25%

What percentage of people who contract an STI report being asymptomatic

70%

HPV left untreated

genital warts, cervical or penile cancer

What percentage of HPV cases are commonly cleared by the immune system without treatment

90%

Prevention options for HPV

condoms and HPV vaccine

Prevalence of HIV in college students

1 in 500

What does HIV do

attacks CD4 T-cells which impairs the body’s ability to fight off infection and disease

When is HIV most contagious

primary infection, ~ 6 months

Stage 3 HIV

AIDS, progresses in about 8-10 years

Prevention methods for HIV

condom use, PrEP

Chlamydia signs

sometimes asymptomatic, genital pain, vaginal or penile discharge, painful urination and sensations during intercourse for females

Chlamydia treatment

antibiotics

What can untreated chlamydia lead to

pelvic inflammatory disease

What one way chlamydia can be spread

perinatally

Syphilis

direct contact witb a chancre, easy to cure

Gonorrbea

sexual contact, can be spread perinatally, medication to cure

HSV-1 cause

oral contact causing oral herpes

HSV-2 cause

sex or through contact with genital skin causing genital herpes

Herpes

chronic, lifelong infections with no cure

What can reduce the severity and frequency of symptoms and decrease risk of transmission of herpes

antiviral medications

What is the most severe outbreak of herpes

usually the first outbreak

HSV-1 symptoms

painful blisters, open sore around or on the mouth

HSV-2 symptoms

genital or anal blisters of open sores, fever, body aches, swollen lymph nodes

Epstein-Barr virus

transmitted through saliva, causes fatigue, fever, rash, sore throat, swollen lympth nodes and body aches, treat like you have a cold

Emotional/psychological impacts on sexuality as we age

body image, loss of partner, fatigue and fear, mood changes

Relationship dynamics impacts on sexuality as we age

availability of a partner, partner’s health, communication

Environmental impacts on sexuality as we age

healthcare accessibility, living arrangements

Physical/physiological impacts on sexuality as we age

loss of muscle mass, loss of bone mass, arthritis, diabetes, thyroid disease, increased blood pressure and impaired blood flow, increased inflammation leading to increased risk of heart attacks and CAD

Effects of aging on men

decreased testosterone leading to decreased energy levels, muscle mass and libido, erectile dysfunction

Effects of aging on women

decreased vaginal lubrication due to decreased estrogren, shrinking of the uterus, loss of fat, tissue and mammary glands, breast cancer

Risk factors of breast cancer

aging, reproductive status, hormone production and secretion

Breast cancer prevalence in Canada

1 in 8 women

What percentage of people actively engage in various sexual activities in their 70s

43%

The immune system

the body’s defense system

What does the immune system discriminate between

self and other, and healthy, defective and pathogenic

First line of defense includes

physical, chemical and mechanical barriers

In case of breach of immune system

detect, signal, recruit and destroy

Innate immunity

immediate (mins to hours), non-specific, inflammation, antigen presenting cells, no or little memory

Adaptive imunity

slow, specific, cell mediated immunity, antibody mediated immunity, robust memory

Cell-mediated immunity

does not involve antibodies, phagocytosis, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, cytokine release

Humoral immunity

involves antibodies, complement system activation, antitoxin release, bacteriolysins, molecule based

Physical barriers examples

skin and mucous membranes

Mechanical barriers examples

tears, coughing, sneezing, GI motility, ciliated epithelia

Chemical barriers examples

enzymes, pH, lysozymes, existing microbiome

Lymphoid tissues include

the tonsils, thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, skin, gut lymphoid tissues

Tonsils

uptake airborne and ingested pathogens for early detection and signaling

Thymus

matures T lymphocytes, two-lobed organ located in the thorax just above the heart, size peaks in adolescence and then undergoes atrophy

Bone marrow

produces most leukocytes including B lymphocytes

Spleen

acts as a reservoir for white blood cells and carries out blood-filtering functions

Leukocytes

white blood cells, can identify pathogens, communicate, recruit other cells, ingest/digest foreign bodies, infiltrate tissues

Basophils

granulocyte, base lover, circulate and regulate inflammation and the innate immune response

Eosinophils

granulocyte, acid lover, degranulate to release ROS, enzymes, growth factors and cytokines; they fight parasites and amplify allergic reactions

Neutrophils

granulocyte, neutral lover, phagocytic, release cytokines, media inflammation

Monocytes

agranulocyte, precursors to macrophages, liver Kupfer cells, brain microglia and osteoclasts in bone

Lymphocytes

agranulocyte, found in lymph and blood, making up 20-40% of all white blood cells; they are multi-functional, including T cells and B cells

Discrimination

ability to tell self from other

Our immune system must be calibrated to avoid ________

self-destruction

What happens if a lymphocyte is responsive to self-antigen

it will not proliferate and die by apoptosis

What happens if a lympocyte is non-responsive to self-antigen

it will proliferate, generating many clones

Hygiene hypothesis

exposure to non-self antigens in early life may strengthen lifelong immunity

Chemotaxins

promote migration of cells to the site of release

Pyrogena

a type of cytokine released by monocytes and macrophages to increase body temperature

Acute-phase proteins

promote fever, recruit cells and activate complement system (includes C-reactive protein)

Histamine

triggers G-protein coupled histamine receptors to active chloride channels, regulates blood vessel diamter, analgesia, itch trigger, gastric acid secretion, food intake, sleep/wake cycle

Complement proteins

enhance clearance of microbes

What occurs during adaptive immunity

pathogens are inferred by the presence of antigens, effector cells and memory cells are mobilized

What types of lymphocytes govern adaptive immunity

B lymphocytes, T lymphoctes, NK cells

B lymphocytes

results from hematopoiesis, mature in bone marrow and regulate humoral immunity

When and where do naive B cells become activated

in the spleen or lymph nodes when they are bathed in antigen

Antigen binding results in

plasmablast formation with short-lived antibody secretion

Activated B cells undergo

hyperproliferation within germinal centers in lymph follicles

Memory B cells

express B cell receptors (antibodies) on their surfaces for long-term memory storage and latent activation potential (residing in bone marrow)

Plasma cells

leukocytes that secrete large quantities of antibodies upon recieving antigen

Where do antibodies circultate

via blood plasma and lymph in perfused vessels

What do antibodies do

flag pathogens for neutralization or destruction

How many kinds of antibodies to plasma cells produce

one in a single class of immunoglobulin (highly specific)

Antibodies

immunoglobulin proteins composed of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains linked by disulfied bonds, approximately 10 nm in size, most are y-shaped, each contains two identical binding sites enabling bonds between repeating sites or to form multi-antibody complexes

T lymphocytes

leukocytes derived from hematopoiesis that express T cell receptors on their outer surfaces

Cytotoxic T cells

recognize specific antigens on antigen-presenting cells and release chemicals like perforin, granzymes and granulysin to trigger caspase cascades and apoptosis

Helper T cells

recognize specific antigens on antigen-presenting cells and release cytokines to help other immune cells, they can activate B cells

Phagocytosis

the process by which a pathogen is taken up into a cell and digested