Biology Exam #2: Seedless Plants

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27 Terms

1

Are there more Seeded or SeedLESS plants?

  • Seeded plants

    • Reproduction by seeds

    • Vascular

    • Produce flowers

    • Seedless plants do NOT produce flowers

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2

What adaptations have plants picked up to live on land?

  • Challenge: obtaining H2O

    • Avoid dessication (dehydration)

    • Overcome gravity

    • Protection from ultraviolet radiation

    • Movement and protection of gametes

  • Benefits:

    • abundant, unfiltered sunlight

    • CO2 is more readily available

    • no natural predators

  • Early terrestrial plant life did not move far from aquatic environments at first

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3

How do plants avoid desiccation?

  • Staying close to aquatic environments

  • tolerance to dry seasons developed over time

  • colonization of humid habitats (ferns)

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4

FOUR Major adaptations of terrestrial plants

  1. Alternation of generations life cycle

  2. Apical meristem tissue in roots and shoots

  3. Waxy cuticle to prevent dessication

  4. cell walls containing lignin

ALL OF THESE FEATURES ARE MISSING IN MOSS

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5

Why do moss not have any of the 4 major adaptations?

  • mosses were some of the first organisms that colonized the land

    • Intermediate species

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6

Mosses

  • Non-vascular

  • seedless

  • flowerless

  • do not grow true roots or stems

  • found in wet environments

    • require water for reproduction

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7
<p>Moss Anatomy</p>

Moss Anatomy

Sporophyte = Multicellular diploid form (the actual plant that you see)

  • Capsule

  • Spores

  • Seta

Gametophyte= Multicellular haploid form, produces gametes by mitosis (Pollen in seed plants)

  • Leaves

  • rhizoids

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8
<p>Moss reproduction</p>

Moss reproduction

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9

Alternation of Generations

  • All sexually reproducing organisms have both a haploid and diploid phase of their life cycle

  • Haplontic life cycles: haploid state is dominate

  • Diplontic life cycles: Diploid state is dominate

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10

Sporangia in seedless plants

  • Sporangia= Reproductive sac where spores are formed

  • Homosporous= Produce one type of spore, gametophyte produces both male and female gametes

    • Non-vascular plants

  • Heterosporous= Produce two types of spores, develop separately as male and female gametophytes, sporophyte is dominant

    • Some seedless and all seed plants

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11

Apical meristem in Roots and shoots

  • lengthen the plant with rapid cell division

  • UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS

    • Give rise to all specialized tissues

  • Tips of roots and shoots (mitotically active)

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12

Waxy cuticle

  • Provides protection from water loss (Like chapstick)

  • Prevents intake of carbon dioxide

    • Stomata or pores that open and close developed to regulate CO2 intake

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13

Cell walls containing Lignin

  • As terrestrial plants evolved competition for resources increased

    • Lignin helped in the ability to grow vertically in competition for sunlight

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14

How do they protect themselves?

  • Predation is unavoidable

  • Terrestrial plants evolved both physical and chemical defense mechanisms

    • Thorns

    • Poisons

  • some use fruits to attract animals to help spread seeds

  • Chemicals

    • Humans have used chemicals in plants to create poisons and medications for thousands of years

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15

The evolution of Land plants

  • Ordovician period

    • Slow colonization of plants onto land

  • Devonian period

    • Oldest known vascular plants

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16
<p>Major Divisions of Land plants</p>

Major Divisions of Land plants

Land plants are divided into two main groups:

  • seeded plants

    • vascular, reproduce by seeds, produce flowers

    • Seeded plants include angiosperms and gymnosperms

  • seedless plants

    • non-vascular, do not produce flowers

    • seedless plants include mosses and ferns, which were among the first to colonize land.

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17

Tracheophytes - Vascular plants

  • 90% of Earths vegetation

  • Have the ability to grow far away from H2O

    • Due to vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

  • Diploid sporophyte phase is dominant

  • General Sherman Tree

    • SUPER TALl

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18

What is vascular plant tissue?

tissue responsible for the transport of H2O and nutrients throughout the plant body

  • Phloem

  • Xylem

  • Roots

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19
<p>Xylem</p>

Xylem

  • Storage of H2O and nutrients

  • Long distance transport of H2O and nutrients

  • Transfer of H2O growth factors

  • composed of rigid cells that help maintain plant structure

  • UP-take of these nutrients

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20

Phloem

  • Transportation of sugars, proteins & other solutes throughout the plant

  • Transports materials in both directions

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21

Roots

  • Not Well preserved in the fossil record

    • appear to have evolved after vascular tissue

  • Anchor plants

  • absorb H2O and nutrient from soil

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22

leaves

  • Increase photosynthetic ability of plants

    • More chloroplasts employed

    • increased surface area

  • leaves evolved more than once

    • Microphylls

    • Megaphylls

  • Sporophylls:

    • Leaves modified to bear sporangia (Pinecones, ferns)

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23
<p>Modern day seedless plants</p>

Modern day seedless plants

  • Fern

  • Club moss

  • horsetails

  • whisk ferns

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24

Why are seedless plant important?

  • Recolonization of areas after distaster

  • Provide food and shelter for organisms

  • Provide info on the presence of pollution

  • fix nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems

  • Used by humans for food, meds and fuel

    • Dried peat moss burned for heat and fuel

    • Fossil fuel

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25

Seeded vs. Seedless plants

Seeded plants reproduce by seeds, are vascular, and produce flowers. Seedless plants do not produce flowers and are non-vascular.

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26

key points for NONvascular plants

  • Have to get water and nutrients by direct contact

  • limited growth potential due to lack of conductive tissues

  • need water for reproduction

  • alternation of generations

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27

Key points for Vascular plants

  • Have xylem/phloem

  • Can grow far away from direct water sources

  • can grow into large plants

  • roots

  • leaves

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