Chapter 3: Biology and Behavior

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to the biology and behavior aspect of psychology, focusing on the nervous system, neuron functions, and the genetic basis of behavior.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Comprises the brain and spinal cord, including the retina.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

All nerve cells in the body that are not part of the central nervous system; includes somatic and autonomic systems.

Neuron

The basic unit of the nervous system that receives, integrates, and transmits information.

Dendrites

Branchlike extensions of a neuron that detect information from other neurons.

Axon

Carries messages away from the soma (cell body) of a neuron.

Myelin sheath

Insulating layer around axons that speeds up electrical transmission.

Synapse

The gap between the axon of a sending neuron and the dendrites of a receiving neuron, where chemical communication occurs.

Action Potential (AP)

An electrical signal that passes along the axon and triggers the release of neurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synapse from one neuron to another.

Thalamus

Part of the midbrain that acts as a sensory gateway, relaying information to the cerebral cortex.

Hippocampus

A region of the brain essential for the formation of long-term memories.

Neuroplasticity

The capacity of the brain to change its structure and function in response to experience.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Controls involuntary bodily functions and includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Prepares the body for action in stressful situations, triggering the fight-or-flight response.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Promotes relaxation and recovery processes in the body.

Endocrine System

A system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream, regulating physiological processes.

Genetics

The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.

Alleles

Alternate forms of a gene that can produce different traits.

Phenotype

The observable traits or characteristics of an organism dictated by its genotype.

Heritability

A statistical estimate of how much variation in a trait is due to genetic factors.