LIN101 - FINAL EXAM - SOCIOLINGUISTICS

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82 Terms

1
  • A study of linguistics that focuses on how language is produced and used in real life

What is variational linguistics?

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2

The idea that the same thing can be expressed differently in different languages - ex. negation done syntactically or via affixation

What is crosslinguistic variation?

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3

The variation within a language, or even within the same individual

Ex. “When you’re done your exam, when you’re finished WITH your exam”

q

What is sociolinguistic variation?

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4

Dialect: Variation in language based on groups

Has a negative connotation as being ‘nonstandard’ and is thus dispreferred to the word ‘variants’

What is a dialect? What is the more accepted term? Why is it dispreferred?

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5

A demographic with specific speech patterns

What is a sociolinguistic group?

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6

A non-deterministic difference in speech, ex. specific changes to words (-ng vs -n’)

A set of variants

What is a linguistic variable?

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7

Phonological rules are NOT linguistic variables, as they are deterministic and can be decided by the environment

Are phonological rules linguistic variables? Why or why not?

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8

NO, not linguistically significant

Are categorical alternations (ex. the canadian raise) linguistic variables?

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9

Yes, but are NOT synonyms

Can linguistic variables alternate in identical phonological environments without changing the meaning?

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10

The causes of a linguistic variable that increase the chances for it to be chosen

What is a conditioning factor?

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11

What the situation of the speaker, addressee is

What is a social factor?

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12

Two or more linguistic variables being present, but not directly replacing one another

What is stable variation?

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13

False, all languages are always changing slowly and gradually

T/F: Languages are static except for sudden changes

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14

A change in language that speakers ARE aware of (ex. variant 1 → variant 1 + 2 → variant 2 (ex. r being added to english words)

What is a “change from above”?

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15

Changes that people usually are NOT directly aware of

Ex. the vowel of a goose changing, from [u] → [y]

What is a change from below?

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16

Examining the data of a community in 2 different times in real-time

What is a real-time analysis?

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17

Comparing younger and older generations in a group within the same timeframe, with the assumption that your grammar stabilizes around 18 without conscious effort to change it

What is an apparent-time analysis?

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18

Age, socioeconomic status, personal relationships, gender, interactional context, labels for addressee

verbal message → situation → broader society

What non-semantic/non-linguistic meaning can language convey?

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19

Different forms of address for familial/informal addressees (ex. tu/vous)

What is the tu/vous distinction?

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20

Degrading marginalized communities with less respectful words (ex. tu instead of vous)

What problems did tu/vous distinctions cause historically?

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21

How dialect changes based on present situations

What is contextual style?

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22

Dictates which variables are relevant, ex. power, distance, context

How does contextual style matter for socially relevant variables?

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23

Style shifting

What is it called to change the method of speech based on context?

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24

The idea that more formal contexts have us adjusting our speech to how we think we should speak

What is the attention-to-paid-speech model?

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25

The idea that we change our speech around who may be listening at a given time (ex. a friend, eavesdropper, stranger)

What is the audience design model?

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26

Designing our speech patterns around achieving specific interactional goals

What is the speaker-design model?

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27
  • Collect speech data at varying-levels of self monitoring

What is the goal of sociolinguistic interviews?

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28

Minimal pairs task - given 2 words that differ in a single way

What is the test in sociolinguistic interviews for high-awareness?

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29

Reading a passage - Still self monitored, but needing to read coherently reduces self monitoring

What is the test in sociolinguistic interviews for moderate-awareness?

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30

Casual speech - speaking with the objective to make someone forget they are being interviewed, ex. through storytelling or emotional recall

What is the test in sociolinguistic interviews for lower-awareness?

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31
  • Because we are being monitored in a non-standard situation, it becomes difficult to use our vernacular

What is the observer’s paradox? Why does it affect linguistic studies?

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32

Unmonitored, standard method of speaking

What is a vernacular?

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33

A corpus is a collection of texts (of any medium), usually from data gathering, that can be used to make conclusions and annotate

What is a corpus? Why do sociolinguists use them?

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34

A single occurrence of a word in a quantitative analysis

Define “token”

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35

Analyzing numerical data to make conclusions

What is a quantitative analysis?

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36

The idea that, when studying a variable, all possible occurrences need to be taken into account - instead of including just the values, add the fraction over total values (ex. if there were 100 tokens of ing, and was pronounced [in] 80 times, the occurrence = 80%)

What is the principle of accountability?

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37
  • Place

  • Social status

  • Gender

  • Communities of practice

  • Chain shifts

  • Ethnicity

What are all of the sociolinguistic correlations?

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38
  • Languages have regional variants based on location

  • Certain variants are seen as standard or prestigious, based on politics (ex. queens english)

  • Smaller-scale dialects can exist in larger-scale regional

In terms of sociolinguistic correlations, explain Place

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39
  • Word is a sign that points to some sort of meaning

What is indexicality?

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40
  • A word that only operates under specific conditions (ex. “tomorrow”

What is referential indexicality?

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41

Anything with social meanings, such as place

What is non-referential indexicality?

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42

Linking a feature of a language with some cultural expectation, ex. “eh” as a regional feature

What is enregisterment?

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43

Based on both objective measures such as occupation, education, income, as well as subjective measures such as prestige, reputation

In terms of sociolinguistic correlations, explain social status.

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44
  • Separate social groups are more likely to use specific terms (ex. education using in/ing)

What is social stratification?

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45

Socially constructed counterpart of biological sex

In terms of sociolinguistic correlations, explain gender

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46

Both biological and social - socially, where individuals pre-puberty often are taught to speak masculinely, femininely

Is pitch biological or social? How so?

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47
  • In stable variation, women use more standardized variant

  • In changes from above, women favour incoming prestige variant more than men

  • In changes from below, women are most often innovators

What are the principles of linguistic change for gender?

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48

Women are socialized to used standard, powerless language

What is the double-bind?

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49

The adoption of non-prestigious working class language, often in men, to hide their level of prestige

What is covert prestige?

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50

Women conform more closely to sociolinguistic norms that are prescribed, but less than men when they are not

*Not categorically true

What is the Gender Paradox?

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51

A group with a common interest, concern, or goal (ex. a classroom, business)

What is a community of practice?

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52
<p>A domino effect in number of linguistic features based on a change in one, in an almost-circular fashion (ex. northern city)</p>

A domino effect in number of linguistic features based on a change in one, in an almost-circular fashion (ex. northern city)

What is a chain shift?

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53
  • Dialect spoken by particular ethnicity, usually a minority

What is an ethnolect?

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54

Multiple consonants in codas being reduced (ex. ing → in, toronto → toronno)

2 important factors: morphological complexity, following segment

What is consonant-cluster reduction?

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55

Variable realization of were as was, weren’t as wasn’t

“you wasn’t there”, “if you was there you would have seen it”

What is was-were leveling?

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56

Non-Mobile, Older, Rural, Male

What is a N.O.R.M?

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57

The ability for words to do things (ex. I concede, I do)

What is performativity?

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58

Something that serves a specific function for us

Define “performative”

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59

Convey both information and perform a function - requires context, people to recognize said power and officialness of words and speaker

What is a performative speech act? What does it require?

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60

Something in which use or mention is avoided in most circumstances, can be viewed as offensive

What is a Taboo?

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61

Use of replacement words instead of taboos, generally maintaining the significance while reducing the taboo (shit → shoot)

What is taboo avoidance?

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62

Use: Refer to something within the world, in a sentence (ex. she ate an apple)

Mention: speak about a phrase metalinguistically (ex. an apple consists of the syllables [ap . pl]

What is the difference between using and mentioning?

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63

In some cases, it is taboo to use a specific word, but mentioning it is okay

What is the use-mention distinction?

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64

A word meant to degrade, insult marginalized groups

What is a slur?

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65

Social, psychological harm done to discourse participants in a context

What is offense?

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66

Taboos generally involving bodily reference

What is a vulgarity?

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67

A taboo used during outbursts (ex. DAMN IT!)

What is an expletive?

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68

Yes

Can phrases be both vulgar and expletive

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69

A phrase that disparages a person/group of people

What does it mean when something is derogatory/pejorative?

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70

No - a person may take offense to a phrase without it being inherently derogatory

Is derogation the same thing as offense?

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71

Ex. coded slurs, such as using the phrase ‘mondays’ to refer to people of colour

In what way can phrases be derogatory but not offensive?

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72

Derogatory expressions that condemn a person for behaviour at specific times

What is a particularistic insult/general pejorative?

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73

Reclaiming a slur as means of empowerment, ex. queer for lgbtq+ people

What is reclamation of a term?

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74

The particular kind of offensive power given to a slur

What is toxicity?

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75

Replacing someone’s name with an english name, or mispronouncing it to sound ‘more english’

What is indexical bleaching?

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76

The very low sounds at low reverberation rates, usually at the end of a word or sentence

What is vocal fry?

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77

The technical linguistic term for the sound produced by vocal fry

What is creak?

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78
  • Women on radio received far more complaints about their vocal fry than men did

How was vocal fry in women stigmatized?

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79

People having negative attitudes towards something, despite it being a neutral objective trait (sometimes)

What is stigmatization?

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80

People are given an identical stimulus, and then the guise is changed but the stimulus is constant (ex. resumes with names from different regions of the world)

What is a matched-guise study?

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81

The more experience we have with paying attention to someone who has a different accent, the better we understand them

What is perceptual adaptation?

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82

The suppression of a language in order to suppress and quash a larger culture as a whole

What is linguistic imperialism?

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