APUSH Unit 2 exam

House of Burgesses

The first representative assembly in colonial America, established in Virginia in 1619, marking the beginning of representative government in English North America.

Indentured servants

Individuals who agreed to work for a specified period in exchange for passage to the New World, food, clothing, and shelter, often receiving land or benefits after completing their service.

Atlantic slave trade

The transportation of African slaves to the Americas for labor, forming a triangular trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Powhatan Wars

Conflicts between English settlers of the Virginia Colony and Indigenous groups, particularly the Powhatan Confederacy, in the early 17th century.

New England Confederation

An alliance formed in 1643 between four New England colonies for mutual defense against threats and conflicts.

Puritans vs Anglican

Religious groups within the English Protestant tradition, with Puritans seeking to purify the Church of England and Anglicans supporting its established hierarchy.

Headright system

A land distribution system in colonial Virginia and Maryland rewarding individuals with land for paying their passage to the colonies.

Bacon’s Rebellion

An armed uprising in colonial Virginia in 1676 led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley's administration.

Protestant Reformation

A 16th-century religious movement aiming to reform the Roman Catholic Church and leading to the establishment of Protestant churches.

Mayflower Compact

A governing agreement signed by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620, establishing a framework for self-government based on the consent of the governed.

Act of Toleration

Legislation in Maryland in 1649 granting religious freedom to Christian denominations in the colony.

Barbados Slave Code

Laws enacted in 17th-century Barbados to regulate slavery and control enslaved Africans, serving as a model for later slave codes.

Zenger trial

A 1735 trial in colonial New York establishing the principle of freedom of the press in America.

Quakers Culture

The Religious Society of Friends emphasizing spiritual equality, pacifism, and simplicity, influencing democratic principles and social reform in colonial America.

Tobacco/Cash Crops

Crops grown for sale and export, with tobacco being a main cash crop in colonial Virginia and Maryland.

"City on a Hill"

Phrase by John Winthrop describing the Puritan colony's mission to serve as a model of Christian virtue and social harmony.

English Civil War/Glorious Revolution

The English Civil War (1642-1651) and the Glorious Revolution (1688) leading to the establishment of constitutional monarchy in England.

Ann Hutchinson

A Puritan religious leader in colonial Massachusetts who challenged established clergy and promoted individual spiritual interpretation.

Natural rights

Inherent rights believed to be universal and fundamental to human beings, influencing colonial political thought.

Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the American colonies in the 18th century emphasizing personal salvation and individual religious experience.

Mercantilism

An economic theory emphasizing wealth accumulation through colonial expansion and trade regulation.

Navigation Laws

British laws in the 17th century regulating colonial trade to benefit the British economy.

Salutary Neglect

A British policy of loosely enforcing colonial regulations in the American colonies, contributing to self-government and economic prosperity.