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What is a tissue in biological terms?
A tissue is a group of similar cells that usually have a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specialized activities.
What are the four types of tissues in the human body?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue.
What are the primary functions of epithelial tissue?
Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and body cavities, and forms glands.
What are the three surfaces of epithelial tissue?
Apical surface, lateral surface, and basal surface.
What does the basement membrane consist of?
The basement membrane consists of two layers: the basal lamina and the reticular lamina.
What is the role of the basement membrane?
The function of the basement membrane is to attach and support the overlying epithelial tissue.
How does diabetes affect basement membranes?
In untreated diabetes mellitus, the basement membranes thicken, which decreases blood flow and leads to cell death.
What are the two types of glandular epithelium?
Endocrine glands and exocrine glands.
What distinguishes a simple epithelium from a stratified epithelium?
A simple epithelium has a single layer of cells, while a stratified epithelium consists of two or more layers of cells.
What is the function of squamous cells?
They allow for the rapid passage of substances due to their thin, flat shape.
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
It is found on the surface of the ovary, lens of the eye, kidney tubules, and gland ducts.
What characterizes nonciliated simple columnar epithelium?
It has a single layer of column-like cells with nuclei near the base, often containing goblet cells.
What is the function of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
It moves mucus and substances using ciliary action.
What is the primary function of stratified squamous epithelium?
To protect deeper tissues from abrasion and pathogens.
What is the purpose of a Pap smear?
To collect and analyze stratified squamous epithelial cells for early changes that may indicate cancer.
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
In sweat gland ducts, esophageal glands, and part of the male urethra.
What is unique about transitional epithelium?
It consists of cells that can change shape, allowing for distension in organs like the urinary bladder.
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete products into ducts.
What are fibroblasts?
Large, flat cells that secrete fibers and ground substance in connective tissue.
Describe the extracellular matrix in connective tissue.
It consists of protein fibers and ground substance that provide support and structure to the tissue.
What are adipocytes?
Fat cells that store triglycerides.
What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage?
To provide smooth surfaces for movement at joints and offer flexibility and support.
Where is elastic cartilage found?
In the epiglottis, external ear, and eustachian tubes.
What makes up the basic structural unit of compact bone?
The osteon, which consists of lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, and a central haversian canal.
What is the primary function of muscle tissue?
To produce body motion, maintain posture, and generate heat.
What type of muscle tissue is involuntary and found in the heart?
Cardiac muscle tissue.
What is the main function of nervous tissue?
To conduct nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands.
What are the supporting cells in nervous tissue called?
Neuroglia cells.
Epithelial tissue is primarily responsible for ________ body surfaces and lining hollow organs.
covering
The ________ membrane helps anchor epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue.
basement
Connective tissues are characterized by a large amount of ________ material between cells.
extracellular
Muscle tissue is classified into three types: ________, smooth, and cardiac.
skeletal
The ________ provides flexibility and support in structures such as the nose and trachea.
hyaline cartilage
________ epithelium is specialized for absorption and secretion, often containing goblet cells.
Columnar
The primary function of __________ tissue is to transmit nerve impulses.
nervous
Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue that stores ________ in the form of fat.
energy
The ________ allows transitional epithelium to stretch and change shape as the bladder fills.
distension
The __________ glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, regulating various functions in the body.
endocrine
