Ap bio chapter 7 test questions (photosynthesis)

formula for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

formula for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O

carbon in photosynthesis comes from...

the CO2 in the atmosphere, NOT soil.

oxygen in photosynthesis comes from...

H2O, not CO2

all living organisms depend on...

photosynthesis (either directly or indirectly)

plants provide the entry point for what?

chemical energy to enter the biosphere

leaf cuticle is...

the outer layer of a leaf that helps keep the leaf from drying out

upper & lower epidermis of leaf are..

the outermost layers of the top and bottom of a leaf (respectively) that protect the leaf

vascular bundles in a leaf are...

vein-like structures that transport water and other substances

chloroplast have a _____ membrane

double

how many chloroplasts can you line up across a dime?

2000

names of the 2 sets of reactions in photosynthesis

1. light reactions/light dependent

2. dark reactions/light independent/Calvin Cycle Reactions/Calvin Benson Cycle/C3 Cycle/carbon dioxide fixation reactions

redox enzymes use the coenzyme...

NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

NADP+ stands for...

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NADP+ receive what?

high energy electrons and that result in it becoming NADPH

what does the H in NADPH represent?

represents the electrons carried

the electrons the NADPH received were carried...

through the electron transport chain

hydrogen atom=

hydrogen ion (proton) + electron

oxidation and reduction is thought of in the terms of...

the gain/loss of hydrogen atoms

what is an example of reduction in the summary equation of photosynthesis?

how 6CO2 becomes C6H12O6. this is because when a molecule gains a hydrogen atom, it becomes reduced.

what is an example of oxidation in the summary equation of photosynthesis?

how 6H2O becomes 6O2. this is because when a molecule loses a hydrogen atom, it becomes oxidized.

light has a ____ nature as...

dual; it behaves as both a wave and a particle

light travels...

as photons in waves

light is a form of _____ energy

radiant

the electromagnetic spectrum shows...

all types of radiation arranged by their wavelengths. the visible light is only a small part of the spectrum.

the energy content of photons is inversely proportional with...

the wavelength of the wave

how does wavelength correlate the amount of energy carried on the wave?

• short wavelengths=high amount of energy

• long wavelengths=low amount of energy

what color has the highest amount of energy?

violet

visible light spectrum ranges from...

380-750 nanometers (nm)

radiant energy can be...

scattered, reflected, transmitted, absorbed

white light has (all/no) wavelengths of light

all

a white shirt...

reflects light

a black shirt...

absorbs light

chlorophyll absorbs what color(s) and reflects what color(s)?

absorbs blue and red; reflects green

carotenoids absorb what color(s) and reflect what color(s)?

absorb blue and green; reflect yellow, orange, and red

what makes leaves red, orange, and yellow during fall?

carotenoids

plants absorb what range of wavelengths in the visible light spectrum?

380nm-750nm (the full spectrum)

each chloroplast a photon passes...

energy is transferred (which excites the electron), but some energy is lost during the transaction because of the second law of thermodynamics

function of photosystem II

passes excited electrons onto the electron acceptor. replaces the lost electrons by splitting H2O + producing O2

function of photosystem I

passes excited electron onto electron acceptor. replaces the lost electrons using those from the electron transport chain (ETC). the lost electrons are passed onto NADP

noncyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis produces....

ATP and NADPH

cyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis produces....

only ATP (occurs when there's enough NADPH)

what is the cyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis?

only uses photosystem I. electrons move from photosystem I to the electron transport chain and back in a cycle (hence cyclic).

why can't you just write O in a diagram?

because an oxygen atom will immediately bond with another oxygen atom. that's why you have to write 1/2O2

what is the Krebs cycle?

second stage of cellular respiration

what is the Calvin cycle?

second stage of photosynthesis

for every 3 turns of the Calvin cycle one G3P...

leaves the pathway

how many G3P are needed to make glucose?

two. one G3P has three carbon atoms and there are 6 carbon atom in glucose.

for every 3 turns of the Calvin cycle, 5 molecules of G3P...

reform three molecules of RuBP

why is C3 photosynthesis called this?

because a C3 molecule is detachable after carbon fixation, which is a process in photosynthesis

does C3 photosynthesis work under ALL environmental conditions?

no, why is why plants have adapted and evolved different types of photosynthesis

different types of photosynthesis

C3, C4, CAM

what is the most abundant protein in the world

rubisco

what limits rubisco's efficiency under certain conditions?

its properties b/c it can bond with carbon dioxide and O2.

what can rubisco react with?

CO2 and O2

what happens if rubisco reacts with O2?

it can't bond with carbon dioxide for carbon dioxide fixation

what happens in C3 plants when the weather conditions are hot and dry?

they close their stomata (pores) to conserve water, but then the byproducts of photosynthesis (oxygen) build up in the leaf air spaces. this causes photorespiration to occur

what happens in C4 plants when the weather conditions are hot and dry?

rubisco and the Calvin cycle are protected from the exposure of oxygen. separates the carbon dioxide fixation in space. carbon dioxide is fixed by forming a C4 molecule prior to the Calvin cycle. it is then pumped into bundle sheath cells where it releases carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle. they also close their stomata on hot days but the rate of their photosynthesis doesn't slow down.

what happens in CAM plants when the weather conditions are hot and dry?

rubisco and the Calvin cycle are protected from the exposure of oxygen. separates the carbon dioxide fixation in time. form a C4 molecule at night when the stomata are open and store it in vacuoles until the next day when the stomata are open. photosynthesis occurs.

CO2 enters plant through...

leaves through pores called stomata in the epidermis

O2 leaves plant through...

leaves through pores called stomata in the epidermis

H2O enters plant through...

roots

chloroplasts are responsible for what process?

photosynthesis

mitochondria are responsible for what process?

cellular respiratioin

where is chlorophyll found and what is it responsible for?

found in thylakoids of chloroplasts and is responsible for absorbing light energy

what is a granum?

stack of thylakoids

plural form of granum

grana

what is lumen of chloroplast?

fluid inside thylakoid

what is the stroma of a chloroplast?

the fluid inside the chloroplast but outside the thylakoids

where do light dependent reactions occur?

inside the thylakoids of chloroplasts

where do light independent reactions occur?

in the stroma of chloroplasts

what are light independent reactions called that?

b/c they can proceed without light energy

what do light dependent reactions do?

oxidizes water into oxygen

what reduction reaction occurs after water is oxidized into oxygen?

NADP+ is reduced into NADPH

what is light energy used to make?

ATP from ADP and phosphate. this is produced through a process called chemiosis that uses an enzyme called ATP synthase

whenever an oxidation reaction occurs, a _________ has to occur

reduction

what are the reactants of light dependent reactions?

water, NADP+, ADP and phosphate

what are the products of light dependent reactions?

oxygen, NADPH, ATP

what do light independent reactions (Calvin cycle) do?

reduces CO2 to glucose

what oxidation reaction occurs after CO2 is reduced into glucose?

NADPH is oxidized back into NADP+ (gives up its electrons to CO2 to become glucose)

how does the Calvin cycle get the energy it needs to occur?

ATP is broken down to ADP and phosphate, releasing energy

what are the reactants of Calvin cycle?

carbon dioxide, NADPH, ATP

what are the products of Calvin cycle?

sugars (like glucose), NADP+, ADP and phosphate

what is photosystem II also called?

P680 b/c it most effectively absorbs light at a wavelength of 680 nanometers.

what is photosystem I also called?

P700 b/c it most effectively absorbs light at a wavelength of 700 nanometers.

what are the 3 parts of the Calvin cycle?

CO2 fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP from G3P

what is the structure of RuBP?

5 carbon atoms with a phosphate group on carbon 1 and carbon 5 (2 phosphate groups in total)