Global History II Vocab

For Global History II Regents

Archipelago

String of islands (like UK or Japan)

Edict

A law

 Absolutism

A system where the ruler has total or complete power

Divine Right of Kings

The idea that a king’s power comes from God, and they are not accountable to humans

Natural Rights

Idea of Locke. The rights that people have even without a government.

Social Contract

Idea of Rousseau, where the people surrender power to the government in exchange for protection

Separation of Powers

Idea of Montesqieu, where the power to rule was split between three branches to prevent abuse.

Constitutional Monarchy

A system of government in which the monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government

The Old Regime

The political and social hierarchy, consisting of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Estates in France from the Middle Ages to before the French Revolution

Reign of Terror

A period of the French Revolution during which many people were ruthlessly executed by the ruling group

Committee of Public Safety

Political body of the French Revolution that gained control during the Reign of Terror

Napoleonic Code of Laws

A set of laws for civilians in France introduced by Napoleon

Congress of Vienna

The European conference held from 1814-1815 to settle the territory problem left by the Napoleonic Wars

Agricultural Revolution

A period of time in the early 1700s, where the UK’s food production and population increased explosively

Jethro Seed Drill

An invention that planted seeds 5x faster than was possible by hand

Cottage Industry

Clothing made in homes using human powered technology

Factory Model

The mass production of goods in a large, dedicated work building in the 18th century.

Urbanization

The process of making an area urban (a city)

Mercantilism

An economic system based on the idea that a nation’s wealth and power were best served by increasing export and trade

Laissez-faire

Minimal or no interference by the government

Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private ownership in which the free market alone controls the production of goods and services

Sepoy

A local Indian hired to protect property of the Dutch East Indian Company

Sepoy Mutiny

1857 rebellion of Sepoy Indians, harshly put down by the Dutch East Indian Company

British Raj

Direct rule of India by the British government

Opium Wars

Two wars between China and European powers over regulation of trade (1st: 1839-1842) (2nd: 1856-60)

Treaty of Nanjing

1842 Treaty that ended the 1st Opium War, giving England free trade and the island of Hong Kong

Extraterritoriality

Laws and courts of home country apply instead of local laws

Boxer Rebellion

A failed effort in 1900 to expel foreigners from China

Meiji Restoration

A period of rapid modernization in Japan from 1868 to 1889

Berlin Conference

A meeting between European powers to divide up colonization efforts in Africa

Force Publique

The military force in Belgium controlled Congo that enforced King Leopold’s will on the Congolese

Scramble for Africa

A period of rapid colonization in Africa by European powers from 1885-1914

Boers/Afrikaners

Descendants of the first/Dutch settlers in South Africa

Militarism

A system that builds up military forces

WWI Alliances

An agreement between two or more countries to support each other during war
Triple Entente (France, U.K, Russia) vs. Central Powers (Bulgaria, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottomans)

Total War

Mobilizing the ENTIRE society to fight a war; blurring the role between citizens and soldiers

League of Nations

International organization formed after WWI to prevent future world wars; the US did not join.

Bourgeoisie

Wealthy middle class (very small % of Russia)

Proletariat

Wage earning class (85% of Russia)

Bolsheviks

Lenin’s political party that becomes the Communist party

Soviet

Council; USSR means Union of Soviet Socialist Republic

Totalitarianism

a system in which the government has total control over citizens’ lives.

Communism

A system in which all property is publicly (community) owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Collectivization

Compiles many farms

Command Economy

Government controls the economy - agriculture and industry

Ukrainian Holodomor

Forced Famine in Ukraine

Gulag

Soviet work camps in Siberia

The Great Purge

Refers to the elimination of anyone who Stalin considered a threat

Fascism

Political system with distinct practice that exalts nationality/race above individual and is headed by a dictator

Weimar Republic

Germany’s democratic republic government formed in 1919 after World War I - ends when Hitler is elected in 1933

Hitler Youth

Youth organization to indoctrinate Germany’s children to hold National Socialist Beliefs 1933-1939

Berlin Wall

Blocked East Germans from fleeing Communist East Germany through West Berlin (containment)

N.A.T.O

A military alliance between the USA and the western bloc in Europe

Warsaw Pact

Military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations

Indian National Congress (INC)

Political party initially formed to reform the British Raj. Later (1920s - 1930s) fought for Indian Independence

All-Indian Campaign

Boycott of British made clothing, and spinning homespun clothing to support Indian independence

Salt March

1930 march to the Indian Ocean led by Gandhi, 240 miles to break Salt Laws

Diaspora

The scattering of Jews out of their ancestral homelands

Popular sovereignty

The authority of a people to govern themselves

Zionism

A movement to re-establish a Jewish nation (Israel) in the ancestral homelands which defines being a Jew as both a religion and a nationality.

British Mandate

An agreement that placed Palestine under British control after the Ottoman Empire falls apart 1919-1940s

UN Partition

The UN ended the “British Mandate'“ 1948, created the state of Israel with areas set aside for Palestinians

Camp David Accords

1978 agreement in which Israel returned lands to Syria, Jordan and Egypt - agreed to have Jordan govern the West Bank and Egypt govern Gaza.

Hamas

A Palestinian Islamic movement located in Gaza - armed resistance and terrorism against Israel

Intifada

Civil uprising in Palestine

Settlements

Homes built on Palestinian land for Jewish people to live in

Oslo Accords

1993 agreement that established the Palestinian Authority - Hamas Opposed - Israel’s Prime Minister Rabin assassinated by his own people

Palestinian Liberation Organization

Nationalist coalition that is internationally recognized as the official representative of the Palestinian people.

The Great Leap Forward

A five year plan, 1958-1962 of forced agricultural collectivization and industrialization in China

Communes

Large numbers of people living and working together on collectivized farms

Cultural Revolution

1966-1976 - a decade-long period of chaos caused by Mao Zedong’s use of Chinese youth to reassert control over the Communist party

Red Guard

a mass, student-led, paramilitary social movement mobilized by chairman Mao Zedong

Red Book

A little red book full of quotes by Mao Zedong carried by the Red Guard

The Four “Olds”

The elimination of old ideas, culture, customs, and habits in China

The Four “Modernizations”

The reforms of agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense in China

The One-Child Policy

1980-2016 law limiting families to having only one child to control population growth

Tiananmen Massacre

June 4, 1989 Chinese student protests for democracy that ends with the forceful and deadly removal of protesters

Pan-Africanism

the attempt to create a sense of brotherhood and collaboration among all people of African descent whether they lived inside or outside of Africa in the mid-1900s.

Apartheid

Former racial segregation favoring the white minority in South Africa

African National Congress (ANC)

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa.

Sanctions

Government taking funding/trade away from another country

Divestments

When consumers, governments, universities, businesses withdraw their funds and investments from a country to express their disagreement with their behaviors.

Secularize

Process of making a government non-religious to ensure individuals may choose freely

Oligarchy

a small group of "elite" citizens that rules a country

Maoism

continuous revolution is necessary if the leaders of a communist state are to keep in touch with the people.

Aristocracy

a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

Confederation

a group of people, countries, organizations, etc. that are joined together in some activity or effort