Studied by 37 peopleCircadian Rhythm
Physical, Mental, and Behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour schedule
responds to light and dark affects most living things (animals, plants, microbes, etc.)
Indirect (as you get older, don't need as much sleep)
What is the correlation between a person's age and the # of hours they need to sleep?
Diabetes, Obesity, Heart Disease, and Depression
What are some symptoms of sleep deprivation?
NREM 1
stage between being awake and asleep
sleep is light and easily interrupted
slow-down in brain/muscle activity
some people experience falling sensation with sudden muscle jerks
NREM 2
first stage of true sleep, but still light
slow-down in heart rate/breathing
More slow-down in brain wave activity
Unaware of surroundings
sudden, rapid bursts of brain activity called "Sleep Spindles" (muscles become relaxed)
NREM 3/4
IMPORTANT: Stage of tissue regeneration and release of Growth Hormones
Deep Sleep
Slow brain waves "Delta Waves" interspersed w/smaller, faster waves
More slow-down of heart rate/breathing
Decrease in blood pressure
Muscles relax
If awakened, groggy/disoriented
REM Sleep
IMPORTANT: Stage of Dreaming and Memory Consolidation (processing and integrating new info)
Limbs paralyzed, eyes move back and forth behind eyelids
Increase in blood pressure
Speed-up of heart rate/breathing
INTENSE brain activity (fast and irregular)
Paradoxical Sleep
REM is called ______ because it involves seemingly contradictory states of an ACTIVE mind and a ~sleeping~ body.
REM Rebound
a phenomenon in which a person temporarily receives longer and more intense REM sleep than usual. Often triggered by sleep deprivation.
Restorative/Neural Housekeeping Theory
A theory to explain sleep: "NREM = physiological restoration REM = mental restoration"
Evidence:
REM duration increase after sleep deprivation and physical activity
Rate of cell division and protein synthesis increases during sleep
brain flushes out waste toxins through glymphatic system during sleep
Evolutionary Theory Circadian Rhythm Theory
A theory to explain sleep: "Periods of activity/inactivity evolved as a means of conserving energy and sleeping during dangerous times"
Evidence:
animals w/few predators sleep 12-15 hrs
animals w/many predators sleep 4-5 hrs
Memory Consolidation Theory Facilitation of Learning Theory
A theory to explain sleep: "people sleep in order to process info that has been acquired during day and to prep for next day"
Evidence:
sleep helps cement new info into long-term memory
sleep deprivation = decreased ability to recall/remember info
Wish Fulfillment Theory
A theory to explain dreams: "dreams provide safety valve to discharge unconscious wants and desires"
Manifest Content
In the Wish Fulfillment Theory:
___ = the storyline you actually remember
Latent Content
In the Wish Fulfillment Theory:
___ = the underlying meaning of the dream
Information Processing Theory
A theory to explain dreams: "Dreams may help sift, sort and fix the day's experiences in our memories"
Physiological Function Theory
A theory to explain dreams: "Dreams provide sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways"
Activation-Synthesis Theory
A theory to explain dreams: "Brain engages in a lot of RANDOM neural activity. Dreams make sense of this random activity" (AKA dreams are the brain's interpretations of its own random activity)
Cognitive Development Theory
A theory to explain dreams: "Dreams are a part of brain maturation and cognitive development"
Evidence:
when deprived of REM, REM rebound occurs when finally get to sleep
One sleep cycle:
NREM 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM
Insomnia
difficulty falling/staying asleep
slow energy
difficulty concentrating
fatigue
could stem from depression, anxiety, stress, or pain
Narcolepsy
irregular sleep-wake cycles
sleepiness
cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle control when awake and fully conscious. triggered by strong emotions like joy, anger ==> knees buckling, jaw drops, falling, twitching)
Sleep Attacks
insomnia
Sleep Apnea
breathing starts and stops
3 types:
obstructive
throat muscles relax --> airway closes and breathing cut off temporarily
central
brain doesn't send proper signals to breathing muscles during sleep
complex
combination of both 1 and 2 types
Somnambulism
sleep walking (eating, dressing, or urinating while asleep)
occurs during NREM 4
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
moving or acting out dreams
people with this disorder should, but don't, have their limbs paralyzed during REM
that's why they are able to kick, punch, fight while dreaming (REM)
treatment: sedatives, melatonin
Night Terrors
screaming, fear, flailing while in deep sleep
unable to recall upon waking
able to flail around and show terror (occurs during NREM 3 so limbs aren't paralyzed)
Sleep Deprivation
Symptoms: fatigue, mood changes, difficulty concentrating, memory problems, paranoia, hallucinations __ = when someone doesn't get enough sleep
Sleep Debt
the difference between the amount of sleep one needs (owes their body) and the amount one gets as debt builds, brain/body function deteriorates
Microsleep
unintentional sleeping during the day
person is UNAWARE of it
dangerous because can happen anytime (when driving, or operating machinery)
cause: drowsiness symptoms resulting from other disorders like apnea and narcolepsy
Hypnosis
= a state of relaxation
focused attention
increased imagination
Dissociative Theory of Hypnosis
“hypnosis is a result of divided consciousness"“
separation of the subject’s experience from their awareness
ex. holding hand in ice bucket, they’re aware of the pain, but just no experiencing it in this state of hypnosis
Post-Hypnotic Suggestion
suggestion during hypnosis → person does it after hypnotic trance
ease pain, stress, anxiety
improve healing process (placebo effect)
What can Hypnosis DO?
Post-hypnotic Amnesia
= when subjects are made to forget the hypnotic session afterwards
cure a disease
unlock repressed memories
What can Hypnosis NOT DO?
Note 
Flashcard (46)