History: All chapters - Y9 Mid Years

y9 23-24 mid yrs

Entente powers

Britain, France, Russia

Central powers

Germany, Austria

The reason the war was triggered

the war was triggered by the assassin of the heir to the throne of the Austrian Empire.

28 July 1914

The day the war started

Patriotism

devotion to ones country

Propaganda

information to promote a political cause

‘beastly Huns’

what the Germans were often described as in the propaganda.

Pals’ battalions

men who volunteered & fought became known as Pals’ battalions

Conscription

compulsory enrolment for a state service

January 1916

The government introduced conscription for single 18-41 men had to serve in the army, but in March 1916 this was extended to married men with no kids because not enough men signed up

Conscientious Objectors

men who refused to fight in the war for a variety of reasons like: religious views (eg. Quakers Christians,) and men who refused to kill and believed the war was fought to make money for wealthy factory owners.

Absolutists

some COs helped the war in some way like stretcher bearers or farmers but absolutists refused to do even this

The Bryce Commission

Many stories of the cruelties by Germans convincing many men to join, these stories were about atrocities against ‘gallant little Belgium’

Censorship

preventing people from learning specific news. (Also another way of controlling + shaping peoples attitudes towards the war)

Battle of Marne

(Sept 1914) German advance through Belgium into France. Germany faced Britain and France on the Western Front and Russia on the Eastern Front.

First Battle of Ypres

(Oct-Nov 1914) Germans planned to occupy channel ports because they would be useful as U-boat bases but were stopped by the British

Battle of Tannenberg

(Aug 1914) Turkey joined the Austria-Hungary Russian advance against Germany and was halted then pushed back.

Second Battle of Ypres

• (April-May 1915)

• Winston Churchill led easterners to help Russia fight Turkey.

• Kitchener led Westerners and believed fighting the Eastern Front was a waste and that they should focus on the Western Front.

• Germany got a new secret weapon - gas.

Battle at Gallipoli

(1915) British, Australian, and New Zealand army corps (ANZACs) tried to knock out Turkey by landing in Gallipoli and Italy joined the war on the side of the Triple Entente and there was a new front - The Italian Front.

Battle at Verdun

(Feb - Dec 1916) German attack on the French

The Battle of Somme

(Jul - Nov 1916) British used their secret weapon - the tank.

The Battle of Jutland

(1916)

• Russian general success against Austrians

• Germans withdraw troops at western front to assist Austria

• Took place at sea

Third battle of Ypres or Passchendaele

• 1917 (Aug - Nov)

• British gave control of their army in France to French general Nivelle.

• The USA entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente.

• British exploded 19 mines

Russia 1917

Russia is out of the war and agreed on a ceasefire with Germany in December meaning Germany could focus on the Western Front.

Spring or Hindenburg offensive

(March 1918) Germany’s allies began to surrender

Bulgaria surrendered

September 1918

Turkey surrendered

October 1918

Austria-Hungary surrendered

November 4th 1918

End of the war

11th November 1918

• Germany surrendered.

Trench

Long narrow ditch/hole in the ground.

• usually zigzagged so that if the enemy captured one they would not be able to catch the other

• shape restricted the impact of explosions

No man’s land

The land between the enemy positions.

Saps

Trenches dug in No mans land

Stalemate

State where both sides so evenly balanced neither can breakthrough against the enemy.

Mines

Explosives directly under the enemy’s trench

Barrage

mass sustained artillery fire (shelling) aimed at a series of points along a line.

Reconnaissance

Aircraft used to track movement of enemy troops

• usually meant nothing could go on behind enemy lines without the enemy finding out.

‘Over the top’

Before an attack could take place, paths had to be cut in barbed wire so your own troops could get through.

General Haig

British commander from December 1915 - 1918.

• Many historians hated him and most British commanders.

Fatigues

Routine duties like replacing barbed wire, repairing flooded trenches & emptying latrines (toilets.)

‘Trench foot’

when soldiers’ feet are left in water for long periods they swell inside the boot, cut off circulation, and rot. Frostbite could also occur so men had to rub whale oil on their feet to avoid this.

‘Blighty one’

When you have an injury serious enough to get you sent home

‘Barkers’

Sausages were known as ‘barkers’ because of the high dog meat content

‘Bung’

Cheese was known as ‘bung’ because of the constipation it caused

Christmas truce : 1914

Agreed ceasefires between British and Germans.

Women’s age required to be allowed abroad

23 years

‘Roses of No Man’s Land’

What nurses and assistants became known as

It was after the song which celebrated for heroism

VADs

Voluntary Aid Detachments

WAAC

Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps

WRNS

Women’s Royal Naval Service

WRAF

Women’s Royal Air Force

WLA

Women’s Land Army

• created because when the war started the no. of farmers fell and so the WLA were there to take there place.

Militarism

When countries make weapons and cause tension

Alliances

A union or agreement between countries for assistance or protection

Imperialism

extending a countries power and influence through colonisation

Nationalism

Loyalty/ devotion to ones nation and thinking it is better than all others.