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Communication
Is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another.
Nature of Communication
Communication is essential for building relationships, resolving conflicts, and achieving successful outcomes in various personal, social, and professional settings.
Verbal Communication
Refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a message.
Non-Verbal Communication
Refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings.
Appropriateness
The language that you use should be appropriate to the environment or occasion.
Clarity
The meaning of words, feelings, or ideas, may be interpreted differently by a listener; hence, it is essential for you to clearly state your message.
Ethics
Words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity, preferences, and status of the person.
Vividness
Words that vividly or creatively describe things or feelings usually add color and spice to communication.
Kinesics
Body Language
Occulesics
Eye Contact
Proxemics
Use of Space / Distance
Haptics
Touch
Vocalics
How we say what we say.
Chronemics
Use of time.
Appearance
How we look.
Environment
Where communication is taking place.
Artifacts
Personal Belongings
Olfactics
Sense of smell.
Synchrony
Harmonization of nonverbal cues.
Written Communication
A vital form of human expression. It involves conveying messages, information, or ideas through written words.
Visual Communication
Utilizes images, graphics, infographics, charts, and diagrams to convey information effectively.
Communication Process
A fundamental framework that illustrates how messages are exchanged between the sender and the receiver. It outlines the sequential steps involved in successful communication.
Sender
The individual who initiates the communication process by formulating and transmitting a message.
Message
The core content of communication, consisting of the information, ideas, or emotions that the sender intends to share with the receiver.
Receiver
The individual or group who receives and interprets the message.
Channel
Refers to the means by which the message is conveyed from the sender to the receiver.
Feedback
Enables the sender to gauge the receiver’s understanding and response to the message.
Noise
Refers to any interference, disruption, or barrier that hinders the smooth transmission and reception of a message between the sender and receiver.
Elements of Communication
Encoding
The sender formulates the message by translating their thoughts, ideas, or emotions into a communicable form.
Transmitting
The sender transmits it through a chosen communication channel.
Decoding
The receiver interprets and assigns meaning to the message based on their understanding, knowledge, and personal experience.
Feedback
The receiver provides a response or reaction to the sender, indicating their understanding and interpretation of the message.
Steps in the Process
Factors Affecting Communication: Context
Refers to the specific circumstances surrounding the communication process.
Factors Affecting Communication: Noise
Refers to any distractions that disrupt the smooth transmission and reception of the message.
Factors Affecting Communication: Culture and Language
Differences can significantly influence how messages are perceived and understood.
Linear Model
A sender encodes a message and sends it to a receiver. The communication is a one-way process.
Interactive Model
This model constitutes a feedback, indicating that communication is a two way process.
Transactional Model
This model also considers environmental noise (physical noise) and semantic noise (understanding between sender and receiver) as interference in communication.
Effective Communication
The process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions, knowledge, and data to ensure that the message is received and understood with clarity and purpose.
Language Barriers
Language differences, poor message quality, use of technical language.
Psychological Barriers
Premature evaluation of information, inadequate attention, loss of interest, biases / prejudice.
Organizational Barriers
Caused by the structures, rules, and regulations in the organization.
Cultural Barriers
Differences in practices, beliefs, norms, and traditions.
Physical Barriers
Environmental noise, faulty equipment, distance / time.
Physiological Barriers
examples: dyslexia, nerve disorders, hard of hearing, speech problems.
PREP Method
Point - Make your point.
Reason - State your reason.
Explanation/Example - Provide examples to justify your ideas.
Point - Summarize your main point and draw a conclusion.
PPFM Method
Past - Reflect on a past issue.
Present - Present your point.
Future - Reflect on what could possibly happen.
Main Point - Remind your audience about your main point and draw a conclusion.
Culture
A system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life.
Intercultural Communication
Describes the many communication processes and related issues among groups of individuals from varied cultural backgrounds.
Enthnocentrism
Belief in the Superiority of one’s own culture.
Stereotypes and Prejudices
Preconceived notions and stereotypes about other cultures can lead to biased or negative perceptions.
Language Barriers
Language barriers can range from basic vocabulary and pronunciation issues to more complex cultural nuances in language use.
Anxiety
High levels of intercultural communication apprehension are less likely to attempt to engage in intercultural interactions.
Conflicting Values
Happens when other people’s behavior compromises our own values.
Non-Verbal Differences
Interpreted as a positive gesture in one culture might be seen as negative in another.
Functions of Communication
Refers to how humans use language for different purposes.
Control and Regulation
Can be used to control the behavior of human beings.
It can be used to regulate the nature and amount of activities humans engage in.
Social Interaction
It can be used to produce social connections.
In our daily course of living, we develop and maintain bonds, intimacy, relations, and associations.
Motivation
It refers to a person using language to express desires, needs, wants, likes and dislikes, inclinations, choices, and aspirations.
Information
Information communication can be used for giving and getting information.
Emotional Expression
The need to express their emotions both verbally and nonverbally. Whether it is love, fear, anger, joy, hope, or any other emotion, humans need to let them out otherwise they harm our well-being.
Speech Act Theory
Is concerned with the ways in which words can be used not only to present information but also to carry our actions. Apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal.
Locutionary Act - The Utterance Act
Refers to the message, the act of making a meaningful utterance. The utterance should have sense, and most importantly, should have the same meaning to both the speaker and the listener. LITERAL OR SEMANTIC MEANING
Illocutionary Act - The Intention of the Speaker
This act is not just saying something, but the act of saying something with the intention of stating an opinion, confirming, or denying something, making a prediction, a promise, issuing an order or decision, and giving advice or permission. THE INTENTION OF THE SPEAKER
Assertives
Utterances that tell how things are in the world. Ex: Statements, descriptions.
Directives
Attempt by the speaker to get the listener do something. Ex: Orders, commands.
Commissives
Commit the speaker to some future actions. Ex: Pledges, vows, oaths.
Expressives
Utterances that represents the speaker’s emotions. Ex: Thanking, apologizing, congratulating.
Declaratives
Utterances that change the world in the form of social and political transformation.
Perlocutionary Act - The Impact
This is seen when a particular effect is sought from either the speaker, the listener or both. Illocutionary Act refers to only one act while Perlocutionary Act can be multiple because there are many ways of responding to an Illocutionary Act. HOW THE MESSAGE IS PERCEIVED
Speech Context
The environment where communication happens and how the message is relayed during the process.
Intrapersonal Communication
Intra - Within
Talking to oneself.
Doing self-reflection.
Takes place within a person. Non-verbal behavior may include smiling, frowning, doodling, scratching your head.
Self-Concept
Determines how a person sees themselves.
Perception
Focuses on how a person looks at the world.
Expectations
Messages intended for a future event.
Internal Discourse
Involves thinking, concentration and analysis.
Solo Vocal Communication
Involves talking aloud to oneself.
Solo Written Communication
Refers to writing to oneself.
Interpersonal Communication
Communicating with someone other than oneself.
The source is different from the receiver of the message.
Non-Verbal Behavior, body movement, posture, eye contact, facial expressions, changes in voice dynamics, distance and proximity.
Dyad
Two persons communicate directly with each other. Each sends a message overtly to the other.
Small Group
Comprises more than two persons who meet for two main reasons: 1. Establish relationship (Interpersonal Talk), 2. Achieve a goal (Transactional Talk).
Public Communication
A speaker delivers a message before an audience. There are two forms, public speaking and mass communication.
Public Speaking
Involves a speaker’s formal presentation of his/her speech before an audience.
Mass Communication
A type of communication to significantly large audience carried by media.
Is the transmission of information to large numbers of people through the aid of mass media technology.
Speech Style
According to Joos (1976) speech style refers to the form of language which is characterized by the degree of formality.
Intimate
It is private, non-public speech style that uses private vocabulary and includes non-verbal messages. (A secret)
Casual
Is used among friends and acquaintances that do not require background information. There are so social barriers to follow. (Chitchat)
Consultive
Is a professional discourse, does not share common experiences or meaning. (Consultation with a doctor)
Frozen
Is a formal style whose quality is static, ritualistic, and may even be archaic. (Prayers, pledges, and oaths)
Formal
Used only for imparting information, does not allow interruptions, and technical vocabulary and exact definitions. (Paper Defense)
Communicative Competence
Underlying knowledge that affect or influence communication.
Context-Specific
Relative, not absolute.
Dynamic, not static.
Grammatical Knowledge
Knowledge of the linguistic system. What is possible in a language.
Sociolinguistic
Understanding of social context, what is appropriate. When to say anything, or something.
Strategic
Strategies to compensate for limitations in our knowledge.
Discourse
Interpretation and expression of “a global meaning that is always greater than the sum.”
Nomination
refers to the act of identifying what topic is to be talked about. A topic is nominated as initiated by a speaker, who does so by designating a topic.
Restriction
in communication refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker. Providing a context on the topic can help participants easily follow the flow of communication.
