chapter 4

What are the 4 types of tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What does epothelial tissue include?

epithelia and glands

What is epithelia

line internal cavities and passageways/covers exposed surfaces

What are glands? (epithelial)

predominately secretory cells

What are four functions of epithelial tissue

Protection, permeability, secretion, sensation

What are characteristics of epithelial tissue?

cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration

Apical

Faces exterior of body or opening of the internal space

What happens if apical lines a tube

apical surfaced is exposed to space inside the tube called lumen

base

attached to underlying tissues

polarity

attached to underlying tissues

squamous

thin and flat

cuboidal

little boxes

columnar

tall and slender rectangles

simple layer

one layer

Stratified layers

multiple layers

What are 4 parts of intercellular connections

hemidesmosomes, tight junction, gap junctions, desmosomes

Hemidesmosomes

attach deepest epithelial cells to basement membrane

tight junctions

prevents passage of water and solute between cells

isolates deeper tissue from contents in lumen

adhesion belts

reinforce tight junctions

Gap junction

cell together by interlocking transmembrane proteins

chemicals communication to coordinate functions

desmosomes

firm attachment by interlocking adjacent cells cytoskeletons

very strong and resist stretching

simple squamous epithelium function

absorption, diffusion, reduce friction

stratified squamous epithelium function

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

simple cuboidal epithelium function

secretion and absorption

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium function

protection, secretion, absorption

simple columnar epithelium function

absorption and movement

transitional epithelium function

stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

pseudostratified columnar epithelium function

secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

stratified columnar epithelium function

protection

simple squamous epithelium location

alveoli and capillaries

stratified squamous epithelium location

mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus

simple cuboidal epithelium location

exocrine gland, kidney and thyroid

Stratfied Cuboidal Epithelium location

mammary ducts, some sweat ducts

transitional epithelium location

Urinary tract only

simple columnar epithelium location

stomach, intestines, gallbladder, urinary tubes, kidney ducts

pseudostratified columnar epithelium location

respiratory tract

stratified columnar epithelium location

salivary gland ducts

endocrine glands

release hormones into interstitial fluid; no ducts

exocrine glands

produce secretion only epithelial surfaced through ducts

exocrine glands examples

sweat, tears, milk

where is merocrine and apocrine produced

in the Golgi apparatus

What is merocrine released by

vesicles

what is apocrine released by

cytoplasm

merocrine example

salivary gland secretion

apocrine examples

mammary glands

holocrine released by

cells bursting

holocrine glands are replaced by

stem cell division

examples of holocrine

sebaceous glands

mucous cells

unicellular exocrine glands

mucous cells _______

secrete mucin

What are the functions of connective tissue (6)

structural framework, fluid and solute transport, physical protection, tissue interconnection, fat storage, microorganism defense

matrix

surrounds cell, majority tissue volume, determines specialized functions

What is the matrix made of

fibers and ground substance

Connective tissue proper

connects and protects

fluid connective tissue

transports

fluid connective tissue examples

blood and lymph

supporting connective tissue examples

bone and cartilage

collagen fibers description

long, straight, and unbranched, strong and flexible

collagen fibers resist in

one directions

collagen fibers examples

tendons and ligaments

reticular fibers description

network of interwoven fibers, strong and flexible

reticular fibers resist in

many directions

reticular fibers examples

sheath in organs

elastic fibers description

contain elastin, branch and wavy

elastic fibers resist in

returns to original shape after stretching

elastic fibers examples

ligaments of the vertebrae

Ground substance look like

clear, colorless and viscous

ground substance do

fills space between cells and slows pathogens movement

fibroblasts

cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers.

fibrocytes

maintain connective tissue fibers and matrix

adipocytes

fat cells

mesenchymal cells

forms into necessary cell that you need

Macrophages

cells that eats things' that don't belong

mast cells

release heparin and histamine

Lymphocytes

natural killer cells

Microphages

eat things (tiny)

Melonocytes

skin pigmentation

What are three types of loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

areolar tissue

Binds skin to underlying organs

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat.

reticular tissue

Forms internal supporting framework of soft organs such as the spleen

dense regular connective tissue

collagens arrange in parallel bundles

dense regular connective tissue found in

tendons, ligaments or sheets

dense irregular connective tissue

Fibers arranged in meshwork (no consistent pattern) to resist tension in many directions

dense irregular connective tissue found

layering skin, around cartilage, around bones, covering visceral organs

elastic tissue

more elastic fibers than collagen, springy and resilient

elastic tissue found

between vertebrae and in walls of large blood vessels

peri

surrounding, around

fluid

What are Specialized cells in blood

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

blood matrix

plasma

lymph matrix

lymph

What are specialized cells in lymph

lymphocytes

What do specialized cells in lymph do

returned to blood at larger veins near heart, functions to maintain solute levels, blood volume, and alert immune system of infection

Extracellular fluid circulation

1. arteries carry blood away from the heart and into the tissues

2. all exchange between blood and interstitial fluid occurs at capillaries

3. at capillary networks, blood pressure forces small solutes out of bloodstream to form interstitial fluid in tissues