MED TERMS LEVEL BILLION

Anatomical position

positioning of the body: standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward, feet flat

prone

lying face down

supine

lying face up

superior

upper end of the body

inferior

lower end of the body

anterior(ventral)

front or direction toward the front of the body

posterior(dorsal)

back side of the body

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

toward the side of the body, away from the middle

ipsilateral

same side of the body as another structure or point

contralateral

other side of the body from the point

proximal

nearer to the center of the same limb

distal

located away from the same limb

superficial

structure located more externally, closer to the surface of body

deep

away from surface, further the body

frontal/corona plane

vertical plane, dividing body into side and side, front from back parts

sagittal plane

vertical plane, dividing body into left and right parts

transverse plane

horizontal plane, dividing body into lower and upper parts

homeostasis

Maintaining normal, healthy conditions inside the body regardless of exterior happenings

fascia

connective tissue that holds everything together

tendon

Connects muscle to bone

Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP)

compound used by cells to store and release energy

atrophy

decrease in muscle fiber, size

hypertrophy

increase in muscle fiber, size

isotonic contraction

Muscle moving contraction

isometric contraction

muscle contraction still

muscle fatigue

symptom making it hard to move normal, aching muscles, tiredness, lack of energy

origin

end of muscle that stays still

insertion

end of muscle that does the moving

prime mover (agonist)

muscles responsible for generating the movement

antagonist

muscles doing opposite reaction to the muscle joint movement agonists do

myositis

muscle inflammation

eccentric contraction

muscle length increasing w/tension

concentric contraction

muscle shortening, generating force

aerobic

involving free oxygen intake

anaerobic

involving the absence of free oxygen

aponeurosis

a sheet for muscles to connect to bones

neurology

medicine studying and treating diseases from the nervous system

efferent

conducting outward/away from something

afferent

conducting inward/toward something

neuroglia

nervous system's homeostatic cells

myelin sheath

sheath around nerves made of protein and fatty substances

neurolemma

thin sheath around a nerve axon

neuron

cell unit in the brain and NS.

axon

part of a neuron that connects it with other neurons/muscles.

reflex

automatic, not thought response to a stimulus

delirium

disturbed state of mind

threshold

membrane voltage for cell to be excitable to generate action potential

nerve

fiber/s to transmit sensing to brain/spinal cord

plexus

network of nerves

meninges

brain/spinal cord enclosure membranes.

dermatome

skin area w/sensory nerves from one spinal nerve

nerve block

procedure of injecting near nerves to manage pain(anesthetic)

synapse

junction b/w 2 nerve cells

dendrites

branches extending on a nerve cell to receive messages from other cells

cell body

neuron's part with the nucleus.

lethargy

lack of energy

neurotransmitter

molecules that transmit messages b/w neurons or to muscles

Hemopoiesis

production of blood cells

Erythrocyte

red blood cell

Hematocrit

volume of red blood cells in blood

Antigen

toxin, foreign substance that influences immune response

Hemoglobin

protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen

Hypoxia

not enough oxygen available in the tissue

Cyanosis

blue/gray skin color from low oxygen in blood

Leukocyte

white blood cell

Macrophage

Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells

Phagocytosis

process of ingesting a particle

Chemotaxis

cell movement as response to a chemical stimulus

Thrombocyte

a clotting cell; a platelet

Hemostasis

the stopping of a flow of blood.

Aggregation

a group coming together, platelets clumping together

Coagulation

process when blood changes to a solid-like state, blood clot

Thrombosis

formation of blood clot in veins, and arteries

Thrombus

blood clot in veins, and arteries

Hemophilia

A hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding

Embolus

blood clot or anything else carried through blood veins to reside in a vessel

Transfusion

transferring of blood into the circulatory system

Anemia

condition with not enough healthy red blood cells to carry enough oxygen to tissues of the body

Flexion

bending a joint

Extension

straightening a joint

Hyperextension

further extension past anatomical position

Adduction

bringing back IN from side, TOWARDS midline

Abduction

spreading apart, AWAY from midline

Circumduction

circular movement at the distal end of bone

Rotation

Twisting, spin, turning movement

Inversion

ANKLE, foot: inward turn

Eversion

ANKLE, foot: outward turn

Dorsiflexion

ANKLE, foot: lifting UP, toward dorsal surface of foot(walking on heels)

Plantar Flexion

ANKLE, foot: dropping down, toward plantal surface of foot(walking on tiptoes)

Protraction

1, slide forward

Retraction

2, slide back

Elevation

shift up, lift w/o angle change

Depression

drop straight down

Supination

FOREARM, rotation of palm turning up(anatomical position)

Pronation

FOREARM, rotation of palm turning backward

Opposition

THUMB touching other finger's fingertip

Ulnar Deviation

WRIST, hand bending toward PINKY side

Radial Deviation

WRIST, hand bending toward thumb side

Lateral Flexion

SPINE segment(midline) bending to the side