Anatomy (Bone types and cells test)

what are the four types of bone cells?

• Osteogenic cell

• Osteoblast cell

• Osteocyte

• Osteoclast

what is the matrix of bone called?

osteoblast

Before your skeleton was made of bone, what was it made of?

Cartilage

At what age in the womb does endochondral ossification begin?

6 to 8 weeks

what is the haft of a long bone called?

Diaphysis

what are the ends of the long bone called?

Proximal/ Distal epiphysis

what does the Latin word “peri” mean?

Around

what does the Latin word “Chond” mean?

cartilage

what does the Latin word “os” or “osteo” mean?

bone

what is endochondral ossification?

process of growing new bone

why did the perichondrium name change to periosteum?

with the presence of the mature bone cells . the perichondrium hardin’s and is now called periosteum

what is the difference between primary and secondary ossification centers?

one does ossify in the epiphyses and one does not

what ossifies first? the diaphysis or the epiphysis?

the diaphysis

does ossification occur from the outside-in or inside-out?

inside-out

where are the only places cartilage is left at the end of the endochondral ossification?

in the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates

what is bone remodeling?

it repairs your bones

why is bone remodeling necessary?

so that bones don’t become brittle and break

how is bone remodeling similar to remodeling a home?

by removing old structures and bringing new ones in

what type of bone is similar to a demolition crew? that removes the old cabinets, fixtures, floors, and walls?

osteoclast

what type of bone cells is similar to the builder? who adds new fixtures, floors and walls?

osteoblast

what do you need to keep your diet in order for bone remodeling to occur?

calcium because it is able to replace the removed bone

put the following steps in order: soft callus, bone remodeling, hematoma, bone callus

hematoma- soft callus- bone callus- bone remodeling

what does “hema” mean and what does “toma” mean?

( ) means blood ( ) means cut

why does remodeling have to occur at the end of a fracture repair?

this happens so that the bone wont be bulky and loose, the remodeling occurs so that it goes back to how it was before

what role does the doctors play in fracture repair?

setting the bone if necessary

Osteogenic cell

• Are stem cells

• Only type of bone cells that does mitosis(makes a double cell)

• divide to form osteoblasts

• located in the periosteum and the endosteum

Osteoblasts

• Build new bone

• Make bone matrix called osteoid (calcium + Collagen + water)

• get trapped and become osteocytes

• Located on the periosteum and epiphyseal plates

Osteocyte

• Mature bone cells

• located in compact bone and spongy bone

• Perform daily functions of bone

Osteoclast

• Clean away bone

• Located in the periosteum and endosteum

• used during fracture repair and bone growth

• (clean away old bone from the medullary cavity)

what type of tissue is bone?

connective tissue

what are the 7 functions of osseous tissue?

• Anchorage to muscles to cause movement

• storing minerals

• Hormone production

• Hemopoiesis

• protection

• storing fat

• support

which of the following bones are classified as “long bones” (nine)

• tibia

• femur

• humerus

• metacarpals(hand bones)

• phalanges

• metatarsals (feet bones)

• radius

• ulna

• fibula

Long bones

• Length > Width

• Long diaphysis, 2 epiphyses

• Job- support weight and enable movement

• Curved to increase shatter resistance

• Hollow medullary cavity on inside

• Femur- tibia- radius- fibula- ulna- humerus- metatarsals- metacarpals- clavicle- phalanges

Short bones

• Roughly cube-shaped

• usually sit together with other short bones in a group

• Job- provide stability to joints that bear weight

• Carpals- Tarsals

Flat bones

• Thin, flat, and usually a bit curved

• Job- protect internal organs (ex. Brain, Heart, Lungs, reproductive organs)

• Provide a great place for muscles to attach

• Pelvis- Most cranial bones- Ribs- Sternum- scapula

Irregular bones

• Have complicated shapes and done fit any other category

• Most facial bones- Hyoid bone- Vertebrae- Sacrum

Sesamoid bones

• Short bones that are buried within tendons

• Job- protect tendons that run over joints from stress and wear

• patella

what are functions of support in a bone?

Bone provide a framework that supports the body

What are functions of protection in a bone?

• Skull- brain

• vertebrae- spinal cord

• Ribcage- Heart, lungs

what are functions of Anchorage in a bone?

Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons, using bones as levers to move the body

What are functions of mineral storage in a bone?

• Bones are reservoirs for calcium and phosphate

• bones release these minerals into the bloodstream as needed

What are functions of blood cell formation in a bone ?

hematopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in the red marrow

What are functions of fat storage In a bone?

• Fat is stored in yellow marrow inside long bone

what are functions of hormone production in a bone?

bones produce osteocalcin, a hormone that helps with many body processes

Axial Skeleton

• Bones on or near the midline

• Examples- Skull- Vertebral- column- ribcage

Appendicular skeleton

• Bones away from the midline

• limbs and bones that attach limbs to the trunk

• Examples- all parts of arms and legs , shoulder bones, hip bones

humerus

• longest and strongest bone of the humerus the upper extremity

• Forms a joint with the scapula, radius, ulna

Radius

• Found thumb side

• Can rotate (causes palm up versus plam down

• Main part of the wrist joint

Ulna

• Found pinkie side

• Main part of elbow joint

• Olecranon process = elbow bump

Carpals

• A set of 8 short bones that make up the wrist

• Includes the trapezium, capitate ,hamate ,scaphoid ,lunate ,triquetrum and pisiform

Metacarpals

• A set of 5 bones that make up the hand

• Visible as your knuckles

Phalanges

• Finger bones

• 14 per hand (thumb only has 2)

• Proximal phalanges (articulate with metacarpals. Middle phalanges and distal phalanges

Femur

• Thigh bone

• Longest and strongest bone of the entire body

• Fits into the acetabulum of the hips

Patella

• Kneecap

• sesamoid bone found in the quadriceps femoris tendon

• Protects the knee joint from wear and tear

Tibia

• Medial

• Shin bone

• Weight bearing bone (2nd largest bones in the body)

fibla

• Lateral

• Non-weight bearing

• Helps with balence and stability

Tarsals

• A set of 7 short bones that make up the ankle

• Includes the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, Medial, cuneiform, and intermediate cuneiform

Metatarsals

• A set of 5 bones that make up the foot

Phalanges

• Toes bones

• 14 per foot (big toe only has 2)

• Proximal phalanges (articulate with metatarsals), intermediates phalanges, distal phalanges

Articular cartilage

• Protects the ends of bones from wearing down

• When this gets destroyed/used up, you get arthritis

• Name literally means joint cartilage

Diaphysis

• The long shaft in the middle of the bone

• medullary cavity is inside this part of the bone (not type of bone; not layer)

Endosteum

• Layer that lines the medullary cavity

• Name literally means “inside bone”

periosteum

• Layer that lines the outside of the bone

• Name literally means “around bone”

Blood vessel

• Enters and exits bone through the nutrient foremen

• How newly made blood cells leave the bone (not the hole)

• Delivers nutrients and oxygen to the bone cells

Proximal epiphysis

• The knobby end of your femur at the “hip end”

• The knobby end of you humerus at the shoulder end

Distal epiphysis

• The knobby end of your femur “knee end”

• The knobby end of your humerus at the elbow end

Spongy bone

• Full of red marrow

• type of bone found inside of the epiphysis

Compact bone

• Makes up the diaphysis and outside of long bones

Medullary cavity

• Hollow space inside the diaphysis

• Space full of yellow marrow

Nutrient foremen

• Little hole in the bone that the blood vessel goes through

Epiphyseal plate

• Growth plates

• Made of cartilage, but ossify to bone each time you grow

• At age 25 fully ossifies

Red marrow

• Site of hematopoiesis

• Full of stem cells