Lab Practical 2 - Lecture

What class are amphibians in?

Class Amphibia

What orders are in class Amphibia?

* Order Anura
* Order Urodela
* Order Gymnophiona

What are the two families in order Anura?

* Family Bufonidae
* Family Ranidae

What are in family Bufonidae?

Toads

What are in family Ranidae?

Frogs

What are in order Urodela?

Salamanders

What are in order Gymnophiona?

Ceacilians

True or False: All frogs are toads and all toads are frogs

False! All toads are frogs, but not all frogs are toads

Suppose you have an animal from order Anura who has dry, warty skin and you have been asked to identify it. What family is it from?

Family Bufonidae

How can you tell what family an animal from Anura is from based on its egg-laying habits?

If the eggs are in a straight line, they are from family Bufonidae, if the eggs are in a cluster they are from family Ranidae

What class are reptiles in?

Class Reptilia

What orders are within class Reptilia

* Order Testudines
* Order Rhynchocephalia
* Order Squamata
* Order Crocodilia

What is in infraclass Lepidosauromorpha?

Superorder Lepidosauriformes

* Order Rhynchocephalia
* Order Squamata
* Suborder Lacertilia
* Suborder Amphisbaenia
* Suborder Serpentes

What is in infraclass Archosauromorpha?

Superorder Crocodylomorpha

* Order Crocodilia

Order Testudines

Turtles

When did order Testudines arise?

During the Triassic period

Extant suborders in Testudines

* Cryptodires
* Pleurodires

Suborder Cryptodires

* Retracts head into shell by bending neck into a vertical S shape
* Most turtles

Suborder Pleurodires

* Retracts head by bending the neck horizontally
* All are semi-aquatic

Diapsidia

Diapsids

What is contained in Diapsidia

* Lepidosauromorphs
* Archosauromorphs

What is the largest extant group of non-avian reptiles?

Superorder Lepidosauromorphs

What is in superorder Lepidosauria?

* Order Rhynchocephalia (Tuatara)
* Order Squamata (lizards and snakes)

Lepidosauria traits

* Primarily terrestrial
* Skin covered in scales, relatively impermeable to water
* Outer layer of epidermis is shed

Order Rhynchocephalia

Tuataras

* Only one species
* Native to New Zealand
* Lowest active body temperature of any reptile
* Diapsid skull condition

Order Squamata

* Determinate growth
* Squamate skull condition
* Quadrate of skull can move; most notably in snakes
* Kinetic jaw

What suborders are in order Squamata

* Amphisbaenia
* Lacertilia
* Serpentes

Suborder Amphisbaenia

Contains worm lizards

Suborder Amphisbaenia traits

* Earliest known representative of the Cretaceous period
* Fossorial
* Skulls are blunt and used for burrowing
* Most are totally limbless
* Body divided into annuli
* Integumentary muscles allow both forward and backward movement underground

What genus is Amphisbaenia retained their forelimbs?

Genus Bipes

Suborder Lacertilia

Lizards - Paraphyletic term

Suborder Serpentes

Snakes

Aglyph

Without fangs

Opisthoglyph

Solid fangs in rear of maxilla

Proteroglyph

Hollow fangs in fixed position at front of maxilla

Solenoglyph

Hollow fangs which rotate on maxilla