Anatomy Lecture Final

Integumentary System

Skin

Skeletal System

frame work(bones)

Muscular System

muscles; movement within your body

Nervous System

regulation/conscious thought

Endocrine System

regulation/hormones

Cardiovascular System

getting things from point a-b

Lymphatic System

 immunity

Respiratory System

gas exchange

Urinary System

waste removal

Digestive System

getting nutrients in the body

Reproductive System

reproducing

Anatomic Postions

• Upright stance

• Feet parallel and flat feet 

• Upper limbs at the sides of the body 

• Palms face anteriorly

• Head is level 

• Eyes look forward 

Coronal

dividing front and back

Transverse

dividing upper and lower

mid-sagittal

right and left

sagittal

a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally

para-sagittal

plane situated alongside or parallel to the sagittal plane, but not including the median plane passing through the midline

Superior

“above”

Inferior

“below”

Anterior

front

Posterior

back

medial

inside

lateral

outside

proximal

 closer to

distal

further away

Homeostasis

the ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions

Receptor

detects change

Control Center

interprets input from receptor and starts changes

Effector

brings changes to alter stimulus

Negative Feedback

Variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point

ex: body temp regulation

Positive Feedback

Stimulus reinforced to continue moving variable in same direction until a climatic event occurs, then body returns to homeostasis

ex: breastfeeding

Diffusion

movement of something from a greater concentration to lesser concentration in constant movement because of kinetic energy

diffusion continues if undisturbed until equilibrium, evenly distributed throughout area rate determined by “steepness” of concentration gradient

4 primary tissue types

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous

Bones

primary organ of the skeletal system, rigid framework of body, support, protect movement, blood pressure, stores minerals and energy reserves

Bone Types

long, short, flat and irregular bones

Compact Bone

dense

Spongey Bone

internat to compact bone

red bone marrow

in children, blood cell forming

yellow bone marrow

child mature to adult

Bone Marrow

red turns to yellow makes fatty substance

may convert from yellow to red in severe anemia

Osteoprogenitor cells

stem cells derived from mesenchyme

Osteoblast

builds bone tissue

Osteocytes

mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

destroys bone tissue

Organic Components

collagen protein (bone flexibility)

Organic Components

osteoid

collagen protein

proteoglycans

glycoproteins

inorganic

salt crystals

calcium phosphate

calcium hydroxide

Muscle Names

axial muscles

appendicular muscles

tendon

circular

parallel

convergent

pennate

Muscle Names(cont…)

muscle action

specific body region

muscle attachment

orientation of muscle fibers

muscle shape

muscle size

#of heads

thick filament

many bundles of myosin protein molecules

thin filament

many actin protein molecules

slow oxidative

slower contractions less powerful

• runners/endruance

fast oxidative

contractions and powerful

• intermediate

fast glycolytic fibers

fast and powerful contractions

depolarization

becomes less negative from NA+ diffusing into the cell through voltage- gated channels, chain reaction