ANS001 MIDTERM 2

Dental Formula for Cattle

0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3

Colostrum

-1st milk

-increases antibodies

-passive transfer / immunity

-concentration = mass/volume

R. groove

12-24 hr of life “leaky”

When are Cattle Weaned?

-6 months

-stockers

-feedlot/finish (200lbs-1000lbs)

FCR

-feed conversion ratio

amt gained / amt fed

Rumen modifier

-monensin (lowers protozoa)

-releases methane (anaerobic)

Rumen

neutral pH 7

-acidosis

-increases propionate

HGP

-hormonal growth promotants

-(testosterone & estrogen/progesterone)

Cattle Estrous type and length

-21 days

-polyestrous

Genetic merit for Cattle

AI cryopreserve

Cattle ejaculate

1.2 B / ejaculate → 5ml

A.V.

artificial vagina → Lordosis (females are sexually receptive)

what does viability mean?

alive or dead

gestation length of cows

283 days

cotyledonary placenta cattle

maternal blood (cotyledon)

what is Eej?

electroejaculation

what is diluent used for?

(used for volume) and used as a preservative of cryoprotectant (frozen cattle sperm)

composition of meat and what is the study of meat called?

(myology)

-muscle

-fat

-bone

-connective tissue

composition of muscle?

-70% water

-15-20% protein

-fat 2-12%

-ash <1%

what is sacromere? what horse does this relate to?

-basic contractile unit of muscle fiber (consists of actin and myosin) → myocyte are muscle cells

-belgian blue (double muscle, genetic mutation in myostatin aka myosin

how many dairy cows are there in the world? in ca?

-world: 9 million

-ca: 1.7

feedstuffs

-pasture based vs (freestall, drylot, tiestall)

Which are higher in solids: Holstein or Jersey

-Holstein: lower in solids

-Jersey: higher in solids

How long is a cow’s lactation? what is the volume of their milk over that time?

-305 days (remember the lactation curve)

-10,000 liters / 23,000 lbs

What does parity mean? what do you call the 1st pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, and no pregnancies?

-number of pregnancies

-1st preg: primiparous 6,000L

-multiple pregnancies: multiparous 8000L

-never: nulliparous 10,000L

milk glands

-alveoli: where milk is synthesized

-cistern: milk storage

-capillary (20 microns): ducts are lined with epithelid cells that can secrete milk

how do blood nutrients create milk?

glucose →

amino acids →

fatty acids →

water →

g → lactose

aa → proteins “caseins”

fats → fats “triglycerides”

water → water & lactose

Horse dental formula

3/3, 1/1, 3/3, 3/3

Do female horses have canine teeth?

No, but male horses have tusks

“Floating” a horses teeth

removes sharp edges

How do horses digest their food? What is their system?

Hind gut fermenters

-stomach uses enzymes (no microbes)

-small intestine: glucose, fatty acids, amino acids

-ileum, jejenum, duodenum

Cecum

1.2m long

26-32 Liters

Cellulolytic Bacteria

breaks down VFA: Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) namely acetate

Proteolysis

breakdown of amino acids (lyse = breakdown)

How long is the Large Colon, Small Colon, and Rectum

10 meters

Colic for Horses

-rolling / groaning

-pawing

-failure to defecate

-lower gut movement

-sweating

Ceffin Bone

-blood flow: coronet band

-1cm/month

Laminitis

hoof wall seperate

What are the Pig

Order, Family, Genus, Subspecies

-Artiodactyl

-Suidae

-Sus

-Wild Boar

Where are most pigs located?

China: 0.5 Billion

US: 70 Million (annual output 115-120 million)

Brazil: 40 Million

What is a castrated male pig called?

What is a pig that is heavier than >50

Female pig older than 1 year

Any pig younger than <1

What is farrowing?

Barrow

Hog

Gilt

Piglet / baby pig

Birthing a litter of pigs

Pig digestive tract

monogastric & omnivores

Pig dental formula

3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3

Myoglobin color?

red

Pigment

melanin (melanocytes and keratinocytes)

Black

Red

Eumelanin (EE, Ee)

Pheomelanin (ee)

Agouti

modifer genes

Estrous Cycle of Pigs

21 days

Synchronization

PG 600 → follicles

Lultalyze → lyse/rupture CC

Matrix → Progesterone

Pig gestation

115 days

Gestation interval for pigs

shorter → achieves genetic gain

21 days

Pigs shouldn’t be too fat, not too thin (body condition score)

too thin: not enough fat & poor estrous

too fat: higher chance of dysteria, mastitis, menustritis

-bcs: external appearance rating

Pig placenta

diffused placenta: can dissolve

Number of piglet litters per year

-selected for larger litters

-avg: 12 piglets higher genetic gain

Farrow where? (Pigs)

-pertition: birth 1-2 hours

hormone: oxytocin (quick birth hormone acts on alveoli → squeeze out milk)

Pigs Estrous Cycle Type / Uterus type

polyestrous, non-seasonal, Bicorn, long horns

Pig ejaculate volume & sperm count (live or frozen)

150-350 ml

-30-60 million

-inspected: reduces diseases, transmission, best genetics