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Dental Formula for Cattle
0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3
Colostrum
-1st milk
-increases antibodies
-passive transfer / immunity
-concentration = mass/volume
R. groove
12-24 hr of life “leaky”
When are Cattle Weaned?
-6 months
-stockers
-feedlot/finish (200lbs-1000lbs)
FCR
-feed conversion ratio
amt gained / amt fed
Rumen modifier
-monensin (lowers protozoa)
-releases methane (anaerobic)
Rumen
neutral pH 7
-acidosis
-increases propionate
HGP
-hormonal growth promotants
-(testosterone & estrogen/progesterone)
Cattle Estrous type and length
-21 days
-polyestrous
Genetic merit for Cattle
AI cryopreserve
Cattle ejaculate
1.2 B / ejaculate → 5ml
A.V.
artificial vagina → Lordosis (females are sexually receptive)
what does viability mean?
alive or dead
gestation length of cows
283 days
cotyledonary placenta cattle
maternal blood (cotyledon)
what is Eej?
electroejaculation
what is diluent used for?
(used for volume) and used as a preservative of cryoprotectant (frozen cattle sperm)
composition of meat and what is the study of meat called?
(myology)
-muscle
-fat
-bone
-connective tissue
composition of muscle?
-70% water
-15-20% protein
-fat 2-12%
-ash <1%
what is sacromere? what horse does this relate to?
-basic contractile unit of muscle fiber (consists of actin and myosin) → myocyte are muscle cells
-belgian blue (double muscle, genetic mutation in myostatin aka myosin
how many dairy cows are there in the world? in ca?
-world: 9 million
-ca: 1.7
feedstuffs
-pasture based vs (freestall, drylot, tiestall)
Which are higher in solids: Holstein or Jersey
-Holstein: lower in solids
-Jersey: higher in solids
How long is a cow’s lactation? what is the volume of their milk over that time?
-305 days (remember the lactation curve)
-10,000 liters / 23,000 lbs
What does parity mean? what do you call the 1st pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, and no pregnancies?
-number of pregnancies
-1st preg: primiparous 6,000L
-multiple pregnancies: multiparous 8000L
-never: nulliparous 10,000L
milk glands
-alveoli: where milk is synthesized
-cistern: milk storage
-capillary (20 microns): ducts are lined with epithelid cells that can secrete milk
how do blood nutrients create milk?
glucose →
amino acids →
fatty acids →
water →
g → lactose
aa → proteins “caseins”
fats → fats “triglycerides”
water → water & lactose
Horse dental formula
3/3, 1/1, 3/3, 3/3
Do female horses have canine teeth?
No, but male horses have tusks
“Floating” a horses teeth
removes sharp edges
How do horses digest their food? What is their system?
Hind gut fermenters
-stomach uses enzymes (no microbes)
-small intestine: glucose, fatty acids, amino acids
-ileum, jejenum, duodenum
Cecum
1.2m long
26-32 Liters
Cellulolytic Bacteria
breaks down VFA: Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) namely acetate
Proteolysis
breakdown of amino acids (lyse = breakdown)
How long is the Large Colon, Small Colon, and Rectum
10 meters
Colic for Horses
-rolling / groaning
-pawing
-failure to defecate
-lower gut movement
-sweating
Ceffin Bone
-blood flow: coronet band
-1cm/month
Laminitis
hoof wall seperate
What are the Pig
Order, Family, Genus, Subspecies
-Artiodactyl
-Suidae
-Sus
-Wild Boar
Where are most pigs located?
China: 0.5 Billion
US: 70 Million (annual output 115-120 million)
Brazil: 40 Million
What is a castrated male pig called?
What is a pig that is heavier than >50
Female pig older than 1 year
Any pig younger than <1
What is farrowing?
Barrow
Hog
Gilt
Piglet / baby pig
Birthing a litter of pigs
Pig digestive tract
monogastric & omnivores
Pig dental formula
3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3
Myoglobin color?
red
Pigment
melanin (melanocytes and keratinocytes)
Black
Red
Eumelanin (EE, Ee)
Pheomelanin (ee)
Agouti
modifer genes
Estrous Cycle of Pigs
21 days
Synchronization
PG 600 → follicles
Lultalyze → lyse/rupture CC
Matrix → Progesterone
Pig gestation
115 days
Gestation interval for pigs
shorter → achieves genetic gain
21 days
Pigs shouldn’t be too fat, not too thin (body condition score)
too thin: not enough fat & poor estrous
too fat: higher chance of dysteria, mastitis, menustritis
-bcs: external appearance rating
Pig placenta
diffused placenta: can dissolve
Number of piglet litters per year
-selected for larger litters
-avg: 12 piglets higher genetic gain
Farrow where? (Pigs)
-pertition: birth 1-2 hours
hormone: oxytocin (quick birth hormone acts on alveoli → squeeze out milk)
Pigs Estrous Cycle Type / Uterus type
polyestrous, non-seasonal, Bicorn, long horns
Pig ejaculate volume & sperm count (live or frozen)
150-350 ml
-30-60 million
-inspected: reduces diseases, transmission, best genetics