COMM 1101 Final

communication

the foundation on which all relationships are built

attraction theory

theory that explains the primary forces that draw people together

proximity, attractiveness, similarity

3 primary forces of attraction theory

matching hypothesis

the tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

theory that argues relationship development is facilitated or derailed by participants' efforts to reduce their uncertainty about each other

predicted outcome theory

theory that attempts to explain how reducing uncertainty can lead to attraction or repulsion

social exchange theory

explains the development and longevity of relationships as a result of individuals' ability to maximize the rewards and minimize the costs of their relationships

Equity Theory

theory that argues that people are more satisfied in relationships they perceive as fair, that is, where their costs are balanced or exceeded by their rewards

interpersonal attraction

the appeal one person has for another, based on physical appearance, personalities, or behavior

Equity

perception that one's costs are balanced by one's rewards

underbenefited

people perceive that their costs exceed their rewards

overbenefited

people perceive that their rewards exceed their costs

Knapp's stage model

model of relationship development that views relationships as occurring in "stages" and that focuses on how people communicate as relationships develop and decline

Initiating

stage of romantic relationship development in which both people behave so as to appear pleasant and likeable

Experimenting

stage of romantic relationship development in which both people seek to learn about each other

Intensifying

stage of romantic relationship development in which both people seek to increase intimacy and connectedness

Integrating

stage of romantic relational development in which both people portray themselves as a couple; characterized by public commitment

Bonding

stage of romantic relationship development in which there is public commitment of some kind, also involves social and institutional support

Differentiating

stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples increase their interpersonal distance

circumscribing

stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples discuss safe topics

Stagnating

stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples try to prevent change

Avoiding

stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples try not to interact with each other

Terminating

stage of romantic relational dissolution in which couples end the relationship

turning point model

a model of relationship development in which couples move both toward and away from commitment over the course of their relationship

relational trajectory models

relationship development models that view relationship development as more variable than do stage models

Social Penetration Theory

theory that proposes relationships develop through increases in self-disclosure

autonomy/connection

a dialectical tension in relationships that refers to one's need to connect with others and the simultaneous need to feel independent

expressiveness/privacy

a dialectical tension in relationships that describes the need to be open and to self-disclose while also maintaining some sense of privacy

change/predictability

a dialectical tension in relationships that describes the human desire for events that are new, spontaneous, and unplanned while simultaneously needing some aspects of life to be stable and predictable

sudden death

the process by which relationships end without prior warning for at least one participant or due to a betrayal

passing away

the process by which relationships decline over time

negative identity management

communicating in ways that arouse negative emotions in order to make the other person upset enough to agree to break off the relationship

De-escalation Strategies

a broad category that includes promising some continued closeness and suggesting that the couple might reconcile in the future

justification strategies

providing a reason or excuse for ending the relationship

positive-tone strategy

communicating concern for the rejected partner and trying to make the person feel better; "It's not you, it's me"

behavioral de-escalation

avoiding the partner; ghosting and haunting

withdrawl/avoidance

friendship termination strategy in which friends spend less time together, don't return phone calls, and avoid places where they are likely to see each other

Machiavellian tactics

having a third party convey one's unhappiness about a relationship

positive-tone strategies

communicate concern for the rejected friend and try to make the person feel better

openness

straightforwardly explaining why the relationship is ending

deception

concealment, distortion, or dishonesty in communication

truth bias

the tendency to not suspect one's intimates of deception

jealousy

a complex and often painful emotion that occurs when a person perceives a threat to an existing relationship

interpersonal violence

physical violence against a partner or child

sexual coercion

physically nonviolent pressure to engage in unwanted sex

battering

relationships in which one individual uses violence as a way to control and dominate his or her partner

situational couple violence

characterized by less intense forms of violence and tends to more mutual in its performance, although women suffer more injuries

homogeneity

high degree of similarity

hurtful messages

messages that criticize, tease, reject, or otherwise cause an emotional injury to another

grouphate

the distaste and aversion that people feel toward working in groups

small group communication

communication among a small number of people who share a common purpose or goal, who feel connected to each other, and who coordinate their behavior

work team

a self-managed group that works on specific tasks or projects within an organization

task communication

focused on getting the job done and solving the problem at hand

relational communication

focused on group maintenance and interpersonal relationships

task roles

directly related to the accomplishment of group goals

relational roles

help establish a group's social atmosphere

individual roles

dysfunctional to the group process

leadership

an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend changes and outcomes that reflect their share purposes

Trait Theory

a theory that assumes leaders are born, not made

Functional Theory

a theory that assumes leadership behaviors can be learned

shared leadership

a type of leadership style where functional leadership is extended to an organizational level; all members are equal partners and share responsibility for the work of the group

style theory

theory that asserts that a leader's manner or style determines his or her success

authoritarian leader

leader who takes charge, makes all the decisions, and dictates strategies and work tasks

democratic leader

leader whose style is characterized by considerable input from group members

laissez-faire leader

leader whose style is characterized by complete freedom for the group in making decisions

Transformational Leadership Theory

a leadership style that empowers group members to work independently from the leader by encouraging group cohesion

Charismatic Leadership

a leadership style in which extremely self-confident leaders inspire unusual dedication to themselves by relying upon their strong personalities and charm

Servant Leadership Theory

a leadership style that seeks to ensure that other people's highest priority needs are being served to increase teamwork and personal involvement

orientation, conflict, emergence, reinforcement

4 decision making phases

Groupthink

when a homogenous highly cohesive group is so concerned with maintaining unanimity that they fail to evaluate all their alternatives and options

organizations

the set of interactions that members of purposeful groups use to accomplish their individual and common goals

function

the goals and effects of communication; factor of organizational communication in which activity is coordinated toward accomplishing tasks

Production

communication that coordinates individuals' activities so they can accomplish tasks

maintenance

a function of organizational communication in which the stability of existing systems is preserved

innovation

a function of organizational communication by means of which systems are changed

structure

recurring patterns of interaction among organizational members

downward communication

communication with subordinates

upward communication

communication with superiors

horizontal communication

communication with peers

organizational culture

a pattern of shared beliefs, values, and behaviors within an organization

organizational climate

how organizational members feel about, or experience, the organization's culture

Assimilation

the communicative, behavioral, and cognitive processes that influence individuals to join, identify with, become integrated into, and exit an organization

organizational identification

the stage of assimilation that occurs when an employee's values overlap with the organization's values

semantic-information distance

describes the gap in information and understanding between supervisors and subordinates on specific issues

upward distortion

occurs when subordinates are hesitant to communicate negative news and present information to superiors in a more positive light than is warranted

emotional labor

the process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotional requirements of a job; workers expected to regulate their emotions during interactions with customers, co-workers, and superiors

Burnout

a chronic condition that results from the accumulation of daily stress, which manifests itself in a specific set of characteristics, including exhaustion, cynicism, and ineffectiveness

work-life conflict

the difficulty in balancing job and home responsibilities

General Systems Theory

theory that organizations are a system composed of many subsystems and embedded in larger systems, and that organizations should develop communication strategies that serve both

new social contract

assumes that loyalty is not expected by workers or organizations and that job security is unlikely

contingent employee

someone who is employed as needed

strategy control

assessing the available information and options to increase one's understanding of the conflict and the other party

media sensitivity

The awareness that media possess characteristics that affect their appropriateness and effectiveness in specific contexts

interactive media

a collection of mediated communication technologies that are digital and converging and tend to be mobile

social media

group of Internet-based applications that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content

social presence

degree of psychological closeness or immediacy engendered by various media

social presence theory

theory that suggests face-to-face communication is generally high in social presence, and that media vary in the amount of social presence they convey

social process

type of self presentation and self disclosure allowed in that type of media

collapsing contexts

in social media, not knowing exactly who is reading one's posts

Spreadability

the ease with which content can be spread on social media