Key Concepts in Sociology, Anthropology, and Culture

Troubles/Private Matters

Issues explained by personal characteristics and relationships.

Issues

Public matters influenced by external factors.

Sociological Imagination

Understanding experiences within historical and social contexts.

Education in Japan

Focus on manners and character in early schooling.

Anthropology

Scientific study of humanity and human behavior.

Sociology

Scientific study of society and social relationships.

Political Science

Scientific study of politics and government systems.

Scientific Method

Process of hypothesis testing in social sciences.

Auguste Comte

Father of sociology; introduced 'positivism' concept.

Karl Popper

Introduced deductivism; emphasized knowledge precedes experience.

Cultural Anthropology

Study of culture's influence on daily life.

Physical Anthropology

Study of biological aspects of humans.

Archeology

Examination of physical remains from past civilizations.

Anthropological Linguistics

Study of language's impact on culture.

Functionalist Perspective

Views society as interdependent parts maintaining stability.

Symbolic Interactionism

Explains interactions through shared symbols and meanings.

Self-Awareness

Concept of self shaped by others' perceptions.

Shared Symbols

Meanings attached to objects become symbols.

Negotiated Order

Humans create and redefine symbols for interaction.

Social Conflict Perspective

Focuses on conflicts from social divisions.

Political Philosophy

Explores ideal forms of government.

Comparative Government

Examines advantages of different government systems.

Public Administration

Studies administration of public needs.

International Relations

Studies diplomatic practices among nations.

Culture

Comprises beliefs, practices, and material possessions.

Shared Culture

Ideas and inventions borrowed from other societies.

Socially Learned

Knowledge acquisition from group interactions.

Enculturation

Process of learning culture during childhood.

Behavioral Patterns

Regular behaviors considered normal within a culture.

Norms

Rules specifying appropriate behaviors in situations.

Folkways

Norms for routine matters like eating and sleeping.

Mores

Essential norms for safety and well-being.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's own culture.

Xenocentrism

Belief that another culture is superior to one's own.

Cultural Relativism

Understanding beliefs based on one's own culture.

Cultural Heritage

Community's way of life passed through generations.

Tangible Heritage

Physical items representing cultural heritage.

Intangible Heritage

Non-physical aspects like traditions and skills.

Preservation

Maintaining cultural practices and identity over time.

Built Environment

Buildings and archaeological remains of cultural significance.

Natural Environment

Rural landscapes and agricultural heritage.

Artifacts

Historical objects like books and documents.

Restoration

Returning artifacts to a previous physical state.

Reconstruction

Rebuilding vanished structures on original sites.

Conversion

Repurposing old buildings for new uses.

Development Encroachment

Corporate land grabs threatening cultural sites.

Illegal Construction

Unauthorized structures dismantling heritage sites.

Resource Extraction

Mining activities destroying natural heritage sites.

Large-Scale Projects

Infrastructure disrupting cultural heritage locations.

Socio-Political Issues

Weak laws and corruption affecting heritage preservation.

RA 10066

National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 in the Philippines.

National Commission for Culture and the Arts

Lead agency for cultural heritage in the Philippines.

Important Cultural Property

Recognized artworks and artifacts over 50 years old.

National Archives

Agency managing archival materials in the Philippines.

National Library

Preserves books and manuscripts in the Philippines.

National Historical Institute

Protects historical properties in the Philippines.

Malacañan Palace

Restored Spanish colonial architecture in the Philippines.

Kaliwa Dam

Controversy over threats to heritage and environment.

Manobo-Pulangihon Tribe

Resistance against corporate encroachment in Bukidnon.

Evolution

Long-term change in biological or cultural contexts.

Biological Evolution

Genetic changes in a population over time.

Cultural Evolution

Development or progress within a cultural tradition.

Chain of Being

Hierarchy of life with humans at the top.

Law of Universal Gravitation

Newton's principle explaining gravitational attraction between masses.

Taxonomy

Classification of organisms based on physical characteristics.

Father of Modern Geology

James Hutton, studied Earth's geophysical processes.

Continuity in Species Diversity

Buffon's idea of gradual changes in organisms.

Common Ancestry

Erasmus Darwin's poetic suggestion of species relationships.

Gradual Changes in Species

Lamarck's belief in environmental forces driving evolution.

Father of Evolution

Charles Darwin, developed the theory of evolution.

Inheritance Experiments

Mendel's studies on trait transmission in garden peas.

Chromosomes

Structures carrying genetic information in organisms.

Gene Flow

Genetic exchange between different subpopulations.

Random Genetic Drift

Chance events altering gene pool in populations.

Neolithic Period

Era of farming and settled societies in the Middle East.

Mesolithic Period

Post-ice age era with flourishing human populations.

Microlith

Small stone tool used for hunting in Mesolithic.

Auchelian Tradition

Teardrop-shaped tools for cutting and woodworking.

Mousterian Tool

Refined tools associated with Neanderthals and Homo sapiens.

Bipedalism

Walking on two legs, conserving energy.

Dentition

Hominids have smaller teeth and weaker jaws than apes.

Larger Cranial Capacity

Indicates advanced brain size and cognitive functions.

Long Childhood Dependency

Extended parental care required for fragile hominid infants.

Use of Tools and Language

Hominids communicate and use tools despite physical limits.

Seed-Eating Theory

Hominids needed fine motor skills for seed collection.

Scavenging Theory

Hominids scavenged remains from predators.

Hunting Theory

Cooperative hunting led to complex social behaviors.

Gathering Theory

Bipedalism allowed food gathering while caring for young.

Plasticity

Ability to adapt to changing environments over time.

Homo Erectus

Tall bipedal species known for tool use and exploration.

Neanderthals

Cold-adapted hominids with muscular frames and polished tools.

Homo Sapiens

Species that evolved after Homo Erectus.

Conformity

Aligning beliefs and behaviors with group norms.

Obedience

Following instructions from authority figures.

Moral Norms

Personal beliefs about right and wrong.

Ethical Standards

Professional guidelines influenced by culture.

Deviance

Actions that violate cultural norms.

Claims Makers

Individuals or groups defining deviant behavior.

Social Control

Methods to enforce cultural standards.

Formal Sanctions

Legal penalties like fines or imprisonment.