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Troubles/Private Matters
Issues explained by personal characteristics and relationships.
Issues
Public matters influenced by external factors.
Sociological Imagination
Understanding experiences within historical and social contexts.
Education in Japan
Focus on manners and character in early schooling.
Anthropology
Scientific study of humanity and human behavior.
Sociology
Scientific study of society and social relationships.
Political Science
Scientific study of politics and government systems.
Scientific Method
Process of hypothesis testing in social sciences.
Auguste Comte
Father of sociology; introduced 'positivism' concept.
Karl Popper
Introduced deductivism; emphasized knowledge precedes experience.
Cultural Anthropology
Study of culture's influence on daily life.
Physical Anthropology
Study of biological aspects of humans.
Archeology
Examination of physical remains from past civilizations.
Anthropological Linguistics
Study of language's impact on culture.
Functionalist Perspective
Views society as interdependent parts maintaining stability.
Symbolic Interactionism
Explains interactions through shared symbols and meanings.
Self-Awareness
Concept of self shaped by others' perceptions.
Shared Symbols
Meanings attached to objects become symbols.
Negotiated Order
Humans create and redefine symbols for interaction.
Social Conflict Perspective
Focuses on conflicts from social divisions.
Political Philosophy
Explores ideal forms of government.
Comparative Government
Examines advantages of different government systems.
Public Administration
Studies administration of public needs.
International Relations
Studies diplomatic practices among nations.
Culture
Comprises beliefs, practices, and material possessions.
Shared Culture
Ideas and inventions borrowed from other societies.
Socially Learned
Knowledge acquisition from group interactions.
Enculturation
Process of learning culture during childhood.
Behavioral Patterns
Regular behaviors considered normal within a culture.
Norms
Rules specifying appropriate behaviors in situations.
Folkways
Norms for routine matters like eating and sleeping.
Mores
Essential norms for safety and well-being.
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's own culture.
Xenocentrism
Belief that another culture is superior to one's own.
Cultural Relativism
Understanding beliefs based on one's own culture.
Cultural Heritage
Community's way of life passed through generations.
Tangible Heritage
Physical items representing cultural heritage.
Intangible Heritage
Non-physical aspects like traditions and skills.
Preservation
Maintaining cultural practices and identity over time.
Built Environment
Buildings and archaeological remains of cultural significance.
Natural Environment
Rural landscapes and agricultural heritage.
Artifacts
Historical objects like books and documents.
Restoration
Returning artifacts to a previous physical state.
Reconstruction
Rebuilding vanished structures on original sites.
Conversion
Repurposing old buildings for new uses.
Development Encroachment
Corporate land grabs threatening cultural sites.
Illegal Construction
Unauthorized structures dismantling heritage sites.
Resource Extraction
Mining activities destroying natural heritage sites.
Large-Scale Projects
Infrastructure disrupting cultural heritage locations.
Socio-Political Issues
Weak laws and corruption affecting heritage preservation.
RA 10066
National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 in the Philippines.
National Commission for Culture and the Arts
Lead agency for cultural heritage in the Philippines.
Important Cultural Property
Recognized artworks and artifacts over 50 years old.
National Archives
Agency managing archival materials in the Philippines.
National Library
Preserves books and manuscripts in the Philippines.
National Historical Institute
Protects historical properties in the Philippines.
MalacaƱan Palace
Restored Spanish colonial architecture in the Philippines.
Kaliwa Dam
Controversy over threats to heritage and environment.
Manobo-Pulangihon Tribe
Resistance against corporate encroachment in Bukidnon.
Evolution
Long-term change in biological or cultural contexts.
Biological Evolution
Genetic changes in a population over time.
Cultural Evolution
Development or progress within a cultural tradition.
Chain of Being
Hierarchy of life with humans at the top.
Law of Universal Gravitation
Newton's principle explaining gravitational attraction between masses.
Taxonomy
Classification of organisms based on physical characteristics.
Father of Modern Geology
James Hutton, studied Earth's geophysical processes.
Continuity in Species Diversity
Buffon's idea of gradual changes in organisms.
Common Ancestry
Erasmus Darwin's poetic suggestion of species relationships.
Gradual Changes in Species
Lamarck's belief in environmental forces driving evolution.
Father of Evolution
Charles Darwin, developed the theory of evolution.
Inheritance Experiments
Mendel's studies on trait transmission in garden peas.
Chromosomes
Structures carrying genetic information in organisms.
Gene Flow
Genetic exchange between different subpopulations.
Random Genetic Drift
Chance events altering gene pool in populations.
Neolithic Period
Era of farming and settled societies in the Middle East.
Mesolithic Period
Post-ice age era with flourishing human populations.
Microlith
Small stone tool used for hunting in Mesolithic.
Auchelian Tradition
Teardrop-shaped tools for cutting and woodworking.
Mousterian Tool
Refined tools associated with Neanderthals and Homo sapiens.
Bipedalism
Walking on two legs, conserving energy.
Dentition
Hominids have smaller teeth and weaker jaws than apes.
Larger Cranial Capacity
Indicates advanced brain size and cognitive functions.
Long Childhood Dependency
Extended parental care required for fragile hominid infants.
Use of Tools and Language
Hominids communicate and use tools despite physical limits.
Seed-Eating Theory
Hominids needed fine motor skills for seed collection.
Scavenging Theory
Hominids scavenged remains from predators.
Hunting Theory
Cooperative hunting led to complex social behaviors.
Gathering Theory
Bipedalism allowed food gathering while caring for young.
Plasticity
Ability to adapt to changing environments over time.
Homo Erectus
Tall bipedal species known for tool use and exploration.
Neanderthals
Cold-adapted hominids with muscular frames and polished tools.
Homo Sapiens
Species that evolved after Homo Erectus.
Conformity
Aligning beliefs and behaviors with group norms.
Obedience
Following instructions from authority figures.
Moral Norms
Personal beliefs about right and wrong.
Ethical Standards
Professional guidelines influenced by culture.
Deviance
Actions that violate cultural norms.
Claims Makers
Individuals or groups defining deviant behavior.
Social Control
Methods to enforce cultural standards.
Formal Sanctions
Legal penalties like fines or imprisonment.