Key Concepts in Sociology, Anthropology, and Culture

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119 Terms

1

Troubles/Private Matters

Issues explained by personal characteristics and relationships.

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2

Issues

Public matters influenced by external factors.

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3

Sociological Imagination

Understanding experiences within historical and social contexts.

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4

Education in Japan

Focus on manners and character in early schooling.

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5

Anthropology

Scientific study of humanity and human behavior.

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6

Sociology

Scientific study of society and social relationships.

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7

Political Science

Scientific study of politics and government systems.

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8

Scientific Method

Process of hypothesis testing in social sciences.

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9

Auguste Comte

Father of sociology; introduced 'positivism' concept.

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10

Karl Popper

Introduced deductivism; emphasized knowledge precedes experience.

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11

Cultural Anthropology

Study of culture's influence on daily life.

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12

Physical Anthropology

Study of biological aspects of humans.

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13

Archeology

Examination of physical remains from past civilizations.

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14

Anthropological Linguistics

Study of language's impact on culture.

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15

Functionalist Perspective

Views society as interdependent parts maintaining stability.

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16

Symbolic Interactionism

Explains interactions through shared symbols and meanings.

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17

Self-Awareness

Concept of self shaped by others' perceptions.

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18

Shared Symbols

Meanings attached to objects become symbols.

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19

Negotiated Order

Humans create and redefine symbols for interaction.

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20

Social Conflict Perspective

Focuses on conflicts from social divisions.

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21

Political Philosophy

Explores ideal forms of government.

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22

Comparative Government

Examines advantages of different government systems.

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23

Public Administration

Studies administration of public needs.

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24

International Relations

Studies diplomatic practices among nations.

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25

Culture

Comprises beliefs, practices, and material possessions.

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26

Shared Culture

Ideas and inventions borrowed from other societies.

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27

Socially Learned

Knowledge acquisition from group interactions.

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28

Enculturation

Process of learning culture during childhood.

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29

Behavioral Patterns

Regular behaviors considered normal within a culture.

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30

Norms

Rules specifying appropriate behaviors in situations.

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31

Folkways

Norms for routine matters like eating and sleeping.

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32

Mores

Essential norms for safety and well-being.

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33

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's own culture.

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34

Xenocentrism

Belief that another culture is superior to one's own.

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35

Cultural Relativism

Understanding beliefs based on one's own culture.

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36

Cultural Heritage

Community's way of life passed through generations.

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37

Tangible Heritage

Physical items representing cultural heritage.

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38

Intangible Heritage

Non-physical aspects like traditions and skills.

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39

Preservation

Maintaining cultural practices and identity over time.

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40

Built Environment

Buildings and archaeological remains of cultural significance.

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41

Natural Environment

Rural landscapes and agricultural heritage.

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42

Artifacts

Historical objects like books and documents.

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43

Restoration

Returning artifacts to a previous physical state.

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44

Reconstruction

Rebuilding vanished structures on original sites.

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45

Conversion

Repurposing old buildings for new uses.

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46

Development Encroachment

Corporate land grabs threatening cultural sites.

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47

Illegal Construction

Unauthorized structures dismantling heritage sites.

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48

Resource Extraction

Mining activities destroying natural heritage sites.

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49

Large-Scale Projects

Infrastructure disrupting cultural heritage locations.

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50

Socio-Political Issues

Weak laws and corruption affecting heritage preservation.

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51

RA 10066

National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 in the Philippines.

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52

National Commission for Culture and the Arts

Lead agency for cultural heritage in the Philippines.

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53

Important Cultural Property

Recognized artworks and artifacts over 50 years old.

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54

National Archives

Agency managing archival materials in the Philippines.

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55

National Library

Preserves books and manuscripts in the Philippines.

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56

National Historical Institute

Protects historical properties in the Philippines.

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57

MalacaƱan Palace

Restored Spanish colonial architecture in the Philippines.

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58

Kaliwa Dam

Controversy over threats to heritage and environment.

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59

Manobo-Pulangihon Tribe

Resistance against corporate encroachment in Bukidnon.

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60

Evolution

Long-term change in biological or cultural contexts.

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61

Biological Evolution

Genetic changes in a population over time.

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62

Cultural Evolution

Development or progress within a cultural tradition.

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63

Chain of Being

Hierarchy of life with humans at the top.

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64

Law of Universal Gravitation

Newton's principle explaining gravitational attraction between masses.

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65

Taxonomy

Classification of organisms based on physical characteristics.

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66

Father of Modern Geology

James Hutton, studied Earth's geophysical processes.

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67

Continuity in Species Diversity

Buffon's idea of gradual changes in organisms.

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68

Common Ancestry

Erasmus Darwin's poetic suggestion of species relationships.

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69

Gradual Changes in Species

Lamarck's belief in environmental forces driving evolution.

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70

Father of Evolution

Charles Darwin, developed the theory of evolution.

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71

Inheritance Experiments

Mendel's studies on trait transmission in garden peas.

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72

Chromosomes

Structures carrying genetic information in organisms.

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73

Gene Flow

Genetic exchange between different subpopulations.

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74

Random Genetic Drift

Chance events altering gene pool in populations.

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75

Neolithic Period

Era of farming and settled societies in the Middle East.

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76

Mesolithic Period

Post-ice age era with flourishing human populations.

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77

Microlith

Small stone tool used for hunting in Mesolithic.

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78

Auchelian Tradition

Teardrop-shaped tools for cutting and woodworking.

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79

Mousterian Tool

Refined tools associated with Neanderthals and Homo sapiens.

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80

Bipedalism

Walking on two legs, conserving energy.

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81

Dentition

Hominids have smaller teeth and weaker jaws than apes.

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82

Larger Cranial Capacity

Indicates advanced brain size and cognitive functions.

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83

Long Childhood Dependency

Extended parental care required for fragile hominid infants.

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84

Use of Tools and Language

Hominids communicate and use tools despite physical limits.

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85

Seed-Eating Theory

Hominids needed fine motor skills for seed collection.

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86

Scavenging Theory

Hominids scavenged remains from predators.

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87

Hunting Theory

Cooperative hunting led to complex social behaviors.

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88

Gathering Theory

Bipedalism allowed food gathering while caring for young.

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89

Plasticity

Ability to adapt to changing environments over time.

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90

Homo Erectus

Tall bipedal species known for tool use and exploration.

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91

Neanderthals

Cold-adapted hominids with muscular frames and polished tools.

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92

Homo Sapiens

Species that evolved after Homo Erectus.

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93

Conformity

Aligning beliefs and behaviors with group norms.

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94

Obedience

Following instructions from authority figures.

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95

Moral Norms

Personal beliefs about right and wrong.

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96

Ethical Standards

Professional guidelines influenced by culture.

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97

Deviance

Actions that violate cultural norms.

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98

Claims Makers

Individuals or groups defining deviant behavior.

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99

Social Control

Methods to enforce cultural standards.

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100

Formal Sanctions

Legal penalties like fines or imprisonment.

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