PHA 6562 - Genome and Plasma Membrane (Chapter 1)

Genome

refers to the full set of chromosomes and includes all the heritable traits of an organism

80%

percentage of genes that regulate gene expression

20,000

how many genes code for proteins?

Euchromatin

dispersed, transcriptionally active genetic material

Heterochromatin

densely packed, transcriptionally inactive genetic material

Gene Expression

long non-coding RNAs cannot be translated but can regulate

Transposons

mobile genetic elements that are also known as jumping genes

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs)

variants in single nucleotide position and rare (1%) to occur in coding regions

Multigenic Diseases

SNPs can serve as a marker for _________ such as hypertension and diabetes

Copy Number Variants (CNVs)

different numbers of large continuous stretches of DNA and approximately 50% involve gene-coding sequence

Phenotypic Diversity

CNVs are responsible for _________

Epigenetics

heritable changes in expression of a gene that changes phenotype but not the DNA itself... just changes in chromatin structure

True

T/F: genetically identical cells or organisms can express their genomes differently

147

how many base pairs of DNA wrap around a histone protein to form a nucleosome?

DNA Methylation

addition of methyl groups that result in chromatin condensation and transcriptional silencing; regulated by methyltransferases, methylation enzymes, and methylated DNA-binding proteins

Serine

histone phosphorylation of _______ residues can variably open or condense chromatin to increase or decrease transcription

Reversible

histone acetylation and methylation are _________ (reversible/irreversible)

Micro-RNA

small RNA molecules, usually 22 nucleotides long, that silence the expression of specific mRNAs either by inhibiting translation or promoting degradation

30,000

how many long noncoding RNA does the human body have?

Gene Activation

lncRNA facilitating transcription factor binding promotes _________

Gene Transcription

lncRNA preemptively binding transcription factors prevents __________

Histone and DNA Modification

lncRNA binding resulting in acetylases or methylases results in ________

Scaffolding

lncRNA plays a role in ______ to stabilize secondary or tertiary structures and/or multi-subunit complexes

Guide RNAs

RNA molecule that serves as a template for an alteration made in mRNA during RNA editing

Homologous DNA Recombination (HDR)

CRISPR/Cas9 uses _________ instead of NHEJ to repair the DNA break

True

T/F: CRISPR/Cas9 can selectively "correct" mutations that can cause hereditable disease

Cytosol

makes up 54% of the total volume of a cell

Mitochondria

makes up 22% of the cell and responsible for energy generation and apoptosis

Peroxisomes

responsible for very long-chain fatty acid metabolism

Rough ER

responsible for synthesis of protein

Smooth ER and Golgi

responsible for protein modification, sorting, and catabolism

False

T/F: membrane proteins are stuck in place on the plasma membrane and cannot move

Passive Transport

includes diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Integrins and Hemidesmosomes

adhesion to the ECM involves cellular ________ and ________