Anthropology

Anthropology

Cultural, Biological (study of the human body), Linguistic, Archaeology 

Instincts

an inborn pattern of activity or tendency, something your born with (Horses knowing how to walk as soon as being born)

Culture

traditions and customs transmitted through learning that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them

Anthropology

study human culture and how it manifests across space and time

Cultural Anthropology

the study of human societies in cross cultural perspective

Linguistic Anthropology

form, function, and social context of language

Biological Anthropology

the study of human biology within the framework of evolution and with an emphasis on the interaction between biology and culture

Archeology

the study of how people used to live based on the material culture they left behind

Scientific method

empirical, repeatable, self-correcting testable through data collection

Ethnocentrism

the idea that your culture is better than ithers

Cultural Relativism

the view point that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture

Society

a group of people who interact more with each other than with others

Culture

distinctive way of life of a group

Enculturation

the social process by which culture is learned and transmitted (within generations, scores, or across societies)

Universals

found in every culture

Particularies

unique certain cultures

Research design

participant observation, life history, genealogical method, institutional review board

Informed consent

after having been informed of the goals of the research, informant formally agree to take part in the research (often involved a signed document)

Informants

any person who provides the anthropologists with information

Building rapport

getting along with someone so they trust you

Longitudinal research

long-term study of a community, society, culture or other unit, usually based on repeated visits

Kinship

were you born into a wealthy family? or did you have to work to get there?

Monogamy

the most common form of marriage worldwide , but so many other options

Pologyny

marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time

Polyandry

marriage of a women to two or more men at one time (rare)

Family

two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption

Nuclear family

standard family (not universal)

Household

basic residential unit in which economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and /or shelter are organized and carried out

Residence Patterns

who are people going to live with

Patrilocal

moving in with husband’s father’s relatives

Matrilocal

moving in with wife’s mother’s relatives

Ambilocal

can choose either relatives

Neolocal

move away from both relatives

Extended family

family related by blood

Descent

who is your family

Patrilineal

automatic membership in father’s group

Matrilineal

automatic membership in mother’s group

Bilateral

traced through both lateral and maternal lines

In this money-less society, how do people make a living

pigs are their form of currency

selling coffee and natural goods

Trade, gather, farming, hunting

How do people gain status without money?

catching rare birds

being a physically big man

Moka are gifts given to members of different tribes that they plan on repaying and are very important to these people

What is the role of kinship in community organization intros case study?

Men can have several wives

If a women can care for a pig she is a good wife and that earns status for herself

How is the division of labor gendered?

Women and children look after pigs —> more food for the family

Men do the fighting

Sex

refers to biological differences

defined on the 23rd chromosome

Sexual dimorphism

refers two the physiological differences between males and females

Intersex- Androgen insensitivity syndrome

when a person who has XY chromosome (males) is resistant to hormones that produce a male appearance (called androgens). As a result, the person has some physical traits of a female, but the genetic makeup of a male

Sexual orientation

one’s identity in relation to who they are sexually attracted to or who they have sex with

Sexuality

homosexuality is common in archeological records

Gender

refers to the cultural construction of masculine and feminine characteristics that may or may not correlate with the biological underpinning of sex 

Gender roles and gendered division of labor

when they are so rigid, they can lead to repression, bias, discrimination

Hijabs

third gender, not trans, a whole other gender

Biological concept of race

Biological species concept of race is a geographically (hence, reproductively) isolated subdivision of a species, or subspecies 

If reproduction isolation last long enough than a new species is produced

Tiger and lion has a common ancestor

Race

any of the groups into which humans can be divided  according to their physical characteristics, e.g. color of their skin, color and type of hair shape of eyes and nose

Do biological human races exist

Human classification into races have been dependent solely on the evaluation of phenotype

What do you think the relationship is between racial categories (based on phenotype) and human genetics?

Genetic diversity is the result of these migrations 

Franz Boas

rejects racism based on empirical evidence

measured cranial size of immigrants and their kids

cranial differences are not determined by race but by nutrition

Ethnic group

a groups of people distinguished by cultural similarities

Social construct

a category created and developed by society, and a perception of a group that is constructed through cultural or social practice

Stereotype

a widely held, fixed, and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing that pigeon hole’s someone 

Racism

prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism against a person or people on the basis of their membership in a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized  

Democracy

Political power, the collective good, is invested in the people 

Cleisthesnes 508 BC

clan mothers are chosen by the clan and the chief is chosen by the clan mother

Haudenosaune Democracy

one of the oldest standing democracies (started between 1100 and 1400?, continues today) 

• Five nations: Mohawk, Oneida, Omega, Cayuga, Seneca 

• Survived as sovereign independent nations