Formed elements (blood cells and fragements)

part 1.2

hematopoiesis (1)

the process of blood cell formation in the living body

poiesis

making

blood cells and fragments (formed elements) (1)

most blood cell types need to be continually replaced

blood cells and fragments (formed elements) (2)

red blood cell (erythrocytes)

blood cells and fragments (formed elements) (3)

white blood cells (luekocytes -5000~ 10,000)

Granular leukocytes (1)

Nuetrophils (60-70%)

Granular leukocytes (2)

Eosinophils

Granular leukocytes (3)

Basophils

Agranular leukocytes (1)

Lymphocytes (20-25%)

Lymphocytes (20-25%)

T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

Agranular leukocytes (2)

monocytes (3-8%)

blood cells and fragments (formed elements)

platelets (thrombocyte)

hematopoiesis (2)

this process starts with pluripotent stem cells and is stimulated by hematopoietic growth factors

pluripotent stem cell

located in red bone marrow (about. 0.01- 0.5%) and develop into lymphoid or myeloid stem cells

lymphoid stem cells

T OR B lymphocytes

myeloid stem cells

the rest of blood cells

hematopoietic growth factors Hormone (1)

EPO(erythropoietin) hormone from kidneys, that increases RBC precursors

hematopoietic growth factors Hormone (2)

TPO (thrombopoietin) hormone from liver, need TPO to make platelets

cytokines (local hormones from red bone marrow) (1)

ILs- interleukins (WBCs)

cytokines (local hormones from red bone marrow) (2)

CSFs - colony stimulating factors (WBCs)

myeloid stem cells (2)

gives rise to RBCs, platelets, and all WBS except for lymphocytes

myeloid stem cells (3)

differentiate into progenitor cells or precursor cell (blast cells) which will develop into the actual formed elements of blood

lymphoid stem cells (2)

gives rise to lymphocytes

lymphoid stem cells (3)

lymphoid stem cells differentiate into pre-B and Prothymocytes which develop into B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes , respectively

hematopoietic growth factors (1)

regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells

cytokine

small glycoprotein produced by red bone marrow cells to increase progenitor cells

progenitor cell

intermediate cell type that is more differentiated than a stem cell but has not yet fully specialized into a mature cell

induced pluripotent stem cells (ips)

produced by manipulating ordinary human skin or blood cells back to a state in which they are able to differentiate into a number of different cell types

Bone marrow transplant disadvantage (1)

patient is vulnerable due to infection to to chemotherapy and radiation (WBCs destroyed)

Bone marrow transplant disadvantage (2)

T-cell from transplanted stem cell may attack patients tissues; patients survived t-cell may attack transplant cell

Bone marrow transplant disadvantage (3)

immunosuppressive drugs with side effect for life

Cord-blood transplant (procedure)

stem cell taken from the umbilical cord which are frozen for future transplant

cord blood transplant (advantage)

easier to obtain, more stem cells, long-term storage, less likely to have rejection, less stringent donor- matching, less chance of infection

Bone marrow transplant (purpose)

replaces cancerous or abnormal bone marrow with healthy marrow (i.e cancerous stem cells in bone marrow need to be replaced in order to stop blood cell cancer like leukemia)

Bone marrow transplant (procedure 1)

radiation and chemotherapy destroy patients bone marrow, so the Dr injects donor bone marrow into patients vein. the donor stem cell reseed in patients bone marrow and that generate new stem cell

Bone marrow transplant (procedure 2)

success depends on histocompatibility (matching WBC surface antigen) of donor and recipient