BC2002 lecture 7b

gluconeogenesis

new genesis/forming of glucose

gluconeogenesis

the most universal fuel

simple non-carbohydrate precursors

when glycogen/starch depleted and if no “dietary” input organisms need to synthesize glucose, they synthesize glucose from

gluconeogenesis

occurs in all animals, plants, microorganisms it is an essential pathway

liver cytosol, renal cortex, small intestine

gluconeogenesis in mammals happens mainly in ______ and also in _______ and cells of ______

simple precursors, alanine, glutamine, citric acid cycle, oxaloacetate

important _______ of glucose in mammals include -3 carbon, lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol. Also, glucogenic amino acids, particularly _____ and ______. ______ intermediates especially ______

glucogenic

means amino acids that can synthesize glucose

gluconeogenesis, “by-passed”

shares 7 reversible steps of glycolysis, but the 3 irreversible steps of glycolysis= enzyme 1,3 and 10 are _______ in this pathway and it uses 3 completely different exergonic regulated enzymes

exergonic, phosphoenolpyruvate, fructose 6-phosphate, glucose

gluconeogenesis uses 3 completely different _____ regulated enzymes. Step 1: to convert pyruvate to __________, step 7: to convert fructose 1,6 biphosphate to __________, step 10: to convert glucose 6-phosphate to

glucose 6-phosphatase, 6

In step 10 of gluconeogenesis, convert glucose 6-phosphate to glucose enzyme _________ removes phosphoryl group at position __

fructose 1,6-biphosphatase, 1

in step 7 of gluconeogenesis, converts fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate enzyme _________ removes phosphoryl group at position ___

4 ATP, 2GTP, and 2NADH

gluconeogenesis “Costs energy” making 1 glucose from 2 pyruvate uses ______

pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, 2 x ATP and 2 x GTP for 2 pyruvate

Step 1 of gluconeogenesis converts pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) a complicated step needs 2 enzymes _________ and _______ and needs energy _____

liver and skeletal muscle

glycogen synthesis summary: occur in nearly all animals cells especially in _____ and ______

phosphpglucomutase

Glycogen synthesis summary: step 1 glucose 6-phosphatase isomerises to glucose 1-phosphate catalyzed by ________

UDP-Glucose + PPi-enzyme catalyzed

glycogen synthesis summary: step 2 a UDP nucleotide adds on to glucose 1-phosphate, Glucose 1-phosphate +UTP results in

non-reducing end, glycogen synthase

Glycogen synthesis summary: step 3 UDP-glucose donates glucose to the ________ of a growing glycogen chain catalyzed by enzyme ________

glycogen synthase

the major regulated enzymes in glycogen synthesis is

α1-6

glycogen synthesis summary: step 4 the glycogen branching enzymes makes _______ branches

glycogenin

Glycogen synthesis starts on a protein “primer” called