exam 3 study guide

what is the function of the nasopharynx, and what type of epithelium is in there.

nasopharynx: passage for air only

• contains pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

what is the function of the oropharynx and what epithelium does it have

oropharynx: passage for food and air.

• contains stratified squamous epithelium

what is the function of the laryngopharynx and what epithelium lines it

laryngopharynx: passage for food and air

• contains stratified squamous epithelium

what is it, what are the functions?

• epiglottis

flap of tissue that sits in the back of the throat. covers trachea opening to prevent food from entering trachea when swallowing

what is it, what are the functions?

• larynx

• attached to the hyoid bone and sits above the trachea

• provides an open airway

• makes sure that air food and drink enter the correct channels

• houses the vocal cords for phonation

what is it, what are the functions?

• palate

• (roof of mouth)

• seperates the oral and nasal cavities. forms floor of nasal cavty and roof of oral cavity.

• helps with breathing, swallowing and speech

what is it, what are the functions?

• uvula

• found in the back of the throat connected to the soft palate

• assists with swallowing, saliva production, creates gag reflex, and important for immune defense

what is it, what are the functions?

• hyoid bone

• only free floating bone in the body located between the mandible and thyroid cartilage

• keeps airway open, supports tongue and throat muscles, and provides structural support

what is the conducting zone made out of, what are the functions, and what comprises it

made up of thick walled passages that conduct air to the lungs, warms and humidifies air, removes dust and bacteria, and do not allow for gas exchange across cell membranes. comprises the external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

why is cilia present in the respiratory tract” What is their action and function

Cilia help propel mucus to the throat to be swallowed. This cleanses the air before it reaches the lungs. Traps dust and pathogens to clear them from the respiratory system.

what epithelium lines the trachea and what special cells are present. what is the outer wall formed of. what are the function of the rings of trachea

• pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that has goblet cells

• outter wall formed by adentiva which is a tough layer of CT

• adentiva has c rings made up of hyaline cartilage that allow esophagus to expand during swallowing

what is pulmonary ventilation, how does it work

• mechanical process of bringing in air in and out of the lungs (inspiration and expiration)\

• a negative pressure is created to draw air in during pulmonary ventilation. uses atmospheric pressure to determine when inspiration or expiration is to occur.

bronchioles

• where are they found

• what do they connect

• how do they participate in the breathing process

• found within the lungs branching off the teritary bronchi

• connect bronchi to alveoli and deliver ozygen to them

• respiratory bronchioles are the first airways that participate in gas exchange and help support airflow regulation

what does it mean when we say respiratory membarne? What are the two components

A respiratory membrane is the barrier in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and the blood capillaries. The two components are the alveolar epithelium and the capillary epithelium

know the epithelium tissue names throughout the respiratory tract

ok

what is vibrissae

• hair inside the nostrils that blocks insects and debris from entering the nose

what are some differences between the two lungs

RIGHT LUNG

• 3 lobes

• horizontal and oblique fissure

• shower and wider than left

LEFT LUNG

• 2 lobes

• oblique fissure

• longer and narrower

• cardiac notch

ALVEOLI

• what epithelium makes it up

• what is the function

• two types of cells what are they

• simple squamous epithelium

• primary site of gas exchange where oxygen is given to the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled

• squamous type 1: 95% of tissue. cuboidal type 2: repair epithelium and secrete surfactant

explain volume and pressure during inspiration

• during inspiration: volume increases and pressure decreases

what is pneumothorax

what happens to pressure in the lungs

how is it treated

• collapsed lung where air enters the pleural space

• pressure shifts from negative to positive (increases) as air enters the space

• needle aspiration can be used to remove air from the pleural space. a chest tube can be inserted to remove the trapped air and re-expand the lung, or surgery can be used to fix the leak

DIAPHRAGM

• what does it do to help with the breathing process

• why is it a principle organ

• contracts (flattens) during inspiration to increase the volume in the thoracic cavity. it relaces during expiration to decrease the volume in the thoracic cavity and push air out.

• it is a principle organ bevause it is responsible for a large majority of the change in pressure in the thoracic cavity and is a vital muscle that performs rhythmic breathing

how do oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the capillaries and alveolar space

Oxygen moves from high concentration in the alveoli to a low concentrated area in deoxygenated blood capillaries, and the carbon dioxide from high concentration in the blood capillaries to the alveoli to be exhaled

what is ohms law