Cognitive and learning

Learning

lasting change in behavior as result of experience and not because of physical changes

Classical conditioning

Learning because of association

Unconditioned stimulus

What causes the natural response

Unconditioned response

Natural reponse

Conditioned stimulus

Learned stimulus

Conditioned reponse

Learned response

Acquisition

When learning has occurred

Generalization

Responding to similar stimulus

Distinction

Responding to particular stimulus

John Watson

father of behaviorism

Extinction

when condition goes away

Importance of expectancy (Rescorla and Wagner)

Animals learn when something is unexpected

Taste aversion

Avoiding certain food

Blocking

Previous CS blocks learning of new CS

Higher order conditioning

Pairing new CS with previously learned CS

Aversion therapy

Patient gives up undesirable habit because it is unpleasant

Law of effect

In order for learning to occur you need to see conseuquence in behavior

Operant conditioning

Learning using rewards and punishments1

Primary reinforcer

Rewards

Secondary reinforcer

Things you trade in to buy rewards

Delayed reinforcer

Reward that takes time

Positive punishment

Adding a punishment (assigning extra school work to students who misbehave)

Positive reinforcement

Adding reward to encourage behavior (Giving money when doing chores)

Negative punishment

Taking something away until unwanted behavior changes (taking toy away from child)

Negative reinforcement

Avoiding something (ex: applying sunscreen)

Continuous schedule

Rewarding everytime someone does behavior

Intermittent schedule

Rewarding partiallly to maintain behavior

Fixed ratio

Reward after specific number of times

Variable ratio

Reward after nonspecific number of times

Fixed interval

Reward at fixed time

Variable interval

Reward at nonfixed time

Instinctual Drift

Animals revert back to behaviors that come naturally after conditioning

Premack principle

A preferred activity can be used to reinforce a non preferred (ex: finish HW then you can go outside)

Contingency

Performance of behavior must reliably predict that consequence will occur in order for learning to take place (ex: backing up website to protect from hacks)

Overjustification

Extrinsically reinforce a naturally rewarding behavior may lead to diminishing of behavior (ex: doing something for money may lead to less passion)

Insight learning

Sudden solution to problem

Latent learning

Learning occurs before we see evidence of it

Learned helplessness

When one tries and continually fails you are forced to quit

Problem focused coping

How to alleviate stressful situation

Emotion focused coping

Changing how you feel about situation

Social learning

Learning by observing others

Positive transfer of learning

learning one thing helps you learn another

Negative transfer of learning

learning one thing stops you from learning another

Long term potentiation

key to learning and memory

Biofeedback

changing activity to improve health and performance

Cognition

Memory, thought, and language

3 phase flow (memory)

encode store retrieve

Effortful processing

Paying attention, encoding using explicit memories

Automatic processing

No conscious effort using implicit memories

Parallel processing

Combo of effortful and automatic processing

Deep processing

Adding meaning and making connections

Shallow processing

looking at physical attributes instead of meaning

Tulving

Deep processing is better than shallow

Schemas

Cognitive framework based on previous experience

Visual encoding

Remember visual images

Acoustic encoding

Remembering through hearing

Semantic encoding

Remembering through meaning

Mnemonic device

Changing hard to remember info into easily remembered material

Spacing effect

Space out learning over time

Self referencing

More likely to remember something you connect to yourself

Overlearning

Remember more when we review a lot

Testing effect

Testing yourself

Atkinson Shiffrin model

There are multiple types of storage

Sensory memory

Brief memory for a second

Iconic memory

Visual sensory memory

Echoic memory

Auditory sensory memory

Short term memory

Limited capacity, keep between 5-9 items

Chunking

Grouping together things into single concept

Working memory

Draws on both short and long memory

Episodic memory

Remembering specific event

Semantic memory

Memory for information

Procedural memory

Memory for specific actions

Encoding specificity principle

Remember info best if we recreate situations

Context dependent memory

Dependent on environment

State dependent memory

Dependent on physical state

Mood congruent memory

Recall memories with current mood

Eidetic memory

Photographic memory

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Finding trouble retrieving information

Serial position effect

When presented with list people tend to remember first and last thing

Recall vs recognition

Recognition refers to ability to recognize event, recall is retrieving from memory

Primary effect

Long term memory

Recency effect

Short term memory

Eyewitness recall

Danger of applying schemas

Framing effect

Bias where people decide on options based on if it is positive or negative

Misinformation effect

Persons recall of memory becomes less accurate because of post event info

Reconsolidation

When recalling previous memories becomes stable

Imagination inflation

Picturing past event that didnt happen which causes people to believe it actually occurred

Source amnesia

Inability to recall how knowledge has been acquired and learned

Hippocampus

Processes explicit memories

Frontal lobe

Hippocampus memories transfers to frontal lobe for storage

Cerebellum

Processes implicit memories

Amygdala

Emotionally based memories

Explicit memories

Facts and personally experienced events

Implicit memories

Skills and conditioning effects

Proactive inference

Earlier learning stops ability to remember things later

Retroactive inference

Later learning stops ability to remember things earlier

Retrograde amnesia

Cant recall memories

Anterograde amnesia

Cant make new memories

Repression

Unconscious blocking

Encoding failure

Forgot because never learned it