Church History Final

Jesus

founded the Church

Heresy

Willfully holding to a doctrine known to be contrary to Divine Revelation

Holy

the Church is separated from the world and called to goodness

Apostasy

Total rejection and abandonment of the Christian faith

One

the Church exhibits visible unity to the world in Jesus Christ and through the Holy Spirit

Indefectibility

The power of the Holy Spirit allowing the Church to persevere until end of time

Catholic

points to the universal nature of the Church; meant for all people in all places

Schism

a split between two churches, typically over questions of authority or doctrine

Apostolic

the Church was founded on the primacy of Peter and is still guided by the successors of the Twelve

Ecumenism

Movement to restore Christian unity

martyrs

“Blood of the _ is the seed of the Church”

Stephen

protomartyr of the Church; died imitating Christ’s words of forgiveness

Matthias

replaced Judas; his election is the first example of Apostolic succession

houses

the Eucharist was first celebrated here

Nero

sought to exterminate Christianity; responsible for martyring St. Peter and Paul

Lawrence

Deacon instructed to turn over Church treasures; died by being grilled alive

Paul

one of the greatest early missionaries of the Church; “Apostle to the Gentiles”

Acts of the Apostles

contains the account of the Church continuing the mission of Jesus

catacombs

underground passages where Christians practiced their faith and were buried

Cecilia

consecrated virgin and faithful Christian; survived several martyrdom attempts

Chalcedon

Council that formally defined the Hypostatic Union

Arianism

Heresy which taught that Christ was man, but not fully God

St. Jerome

Latin Father; First translated the Bible into Latin

Hypostatic Union

The divine and human natures of Jesus are united in one divine Person

Development of Doctrine

growth in understanding of God’s revelation in history; truth doesn’t change

Ephesus

Council that reaffirmed that Mary is the “Mother of God”

Constantine

Emperor that ended the persecution of Christians with the Edict of Milan

Ignatius of Antioch

Apostolic Father; first to use the term “Catholic” when referring to the Church

Theotokos

Belief that Mary is the mother of God; celebrated January 1

St. Clement

Apostolic Father; Early Bishop of Rome whose letters to the Corinthians are the earliest evidence of papal primacy outside of scripture

Doctor of Church

Outstanding guides for all periods of history (originally 4, now 37)

Nicea

first ecumenical council which condemned Arianism and stated that the Son is of the same nature as the Father

Trinity

belief that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are all God, but they’re not each other (3 Persons in one God)

Monasticism

living apart from the world according to a fixed rule and under vows

St. Athanasius

main opponent of the Arian heresy; defender of the Incarnation

Person

answers the question “who?”; refers the the agent doing the action

Apologist

one who uses reason to defend the Christian faith

Incarnation

belief that the Son of God became man; necessary for our salvation

Nature

answers the question “what?”; determines the types of actions one can do

Eastern Schism

occurred in 1054; resulted in the formation of the Orthodox Church

Monasteries

they preserved education and scholarship after the fall of Rome in 476AD

St. Benedict

Father of Western Monasticism; wrote a rule of life for monks

Charlemagne

crowned the First Holy Roman Emperor in 800AD by the Pope

Rejection of Papal authority

main issue that still separates us from the Eastern Orthodox Church

St. Gregory the Great

Latin Father; Pope who sent out missionaries to build monasteries in order to evangelize Europe

Crusades

called by Pope Urban II to help Eastern Christians and regain the Holy Lands

Gothic Cathedrals

beautiful expressions of Medieval faith; catechisms made of stone and glass

Mendicant orders

Religious orders that rejuvenated the spiritual life of the Church by combining poverty/simplicity with a strong devotion to the Eucharist and education

St. Thomas Aquinas

Dominican friar who used ancient philosophy to expound on the faith; wrote Summa Theologica

St. Francis of Assisi

founded a religious order centered on embracing a life of radical poverty

Papal Inquisition

special Church courts that were formed to combat medieval heresy

Lay Investiture

the corrupt act of lay people appointing clergy

Feudalism

the rigid political and social order where serfs worked the land for lords

Constance

council that elected Pope Martin V and ended the Western Schism

Simony

the corrupt act of buying / selling religious privileges and indulgences

Bubonic Plague

led to countless deaths, resulting in unprepared and unworthy clergy

Martin Luther

his wounded past led to his own theology; posted 95 Theses on Church door

St. Catherine of Siena

Doctor of Church; helped Pope Gregory XI return papacy to Rome

William of Ockham

developed the ideas of nominalism, ultimately separating faith from reason

Avignon

where Pope Clement V and his next seven successors lived / resided as Pope

St. Thomas More

Lord Chancellor of England; beheaded for refusing to acknowledge King as head of the Church of England

Nepotism

the corrupt act where popes ordained family (i.e.nephews) as clergy

King Henry VIII

formed the Church of England when Pope would not allow him to divorce

Western Schism

time when three men claimed to be Pope at the same time

Sola Fidei

if you believe and trust in God, he will save you/cover you in righteousness

Charles Borromeo

key leader in the Catholic Counter-Reformation; became model Bishop of Milan

Ignatius of Loyola

experienced a conversion after he was injured in battle and then founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits); wrote Spiritual Exercises

Battle of Lepanto

miraculous event where through the praying the rosary Mary interceded and protected the life of the Church

Teresa of Avila

Spanish Carmelite and first female Doctor of the Church

Transubstantiation

when bread/wine are transformed into body/blood/soul/divinity of Christ at Mass

Council of Trent

called to respond to Protestant revolt and correct abuses within the Church

Francis Xavier

Jesuit missionary who dedicated his life to spreading the Gospel to Asia

indulgences

Catholic practice that removes the temporal punishment do to sin

Dei Filius

1st Vatican Council document that demonstrates how faith and reason (or religion and science) don’t contradict each other, rather, they more fully reveal each other

Karl Marx

his ideas aimed at eliminating social inequality, but instead led to a destructive form of government established in Russia

St. Bernadette

Blessed Virgin Mary appeared to her in Lourdes, France

First Vatican Council

called to explain relationship of faith/reason and define the infallibility of the Pope

Rene Descartes

mathematician who founded the theory of rationalism, “I think, therefore I am”

St. Therese of Lisieux

Doctor of the Church; developed the “Little Way” as a cloistered Carmelite

Age of Enlightenment

Historical period which emphasized science and reason over faith

Infallibility

power of the Holy Spirit granted to position of Pope to be without error in teaching matters of faith and morals

20th century popes

these leaders served as the world’s moral conscience through a time of great trial

Pope Leo XIII

wrote Rerum Novarum (first social encyclical); approved est. of Diocese of Wichita

communism

abolishes private property, religion, and the family and places ownership in the hands of the state; extremely oppressive against religions around the world

Maximillian Kolbe

Franciscan saint martyred in Auschwitz during World War II

Pius XII

his silent heroism as Pope led to thousands of Jews lives being saved during WWII

Vatican Council II

called to renew the Church’s method on best reaching modern man; never sought to change Church teaching; aggiornamento and resourcement

John Paul II

developed Theology of the Body; helped end Communism; started World Youth Day

Our Lady of Guadalupe

miraculously appeared to a poor Mexican farmer in Tepeyac; her apparition brought about the conversion of Mexico; patroness of the Americas

John XXIII

called the Second Vatican Council but died only 8 months into the council

Humane Vitae

“On Human Life”; encyclical which focused on the dignity of human life and clearly articulated the Church’s understanding on sex and marriage

Benedict XVI

German Theologian for the Vatican; became Pope but had to resign from being ill

Francis

Pope whose missionary roots helped him focus on caring for the poor and marginalized members of society

Fatima

Blessed Virgin Mary appeared to three young people here; called for the conversion of Russia

Paul VI

finished council of Vatican II; wrote a surprisingly “controversial” encyclical that outraged many Catholics for reaffirming Church teaching on contraception

Jose Sanchez del Rio

14 year old boy who was martyred during the Cristero War

Pope Leo XIV

Current Pope; First American born Pope and former Bishop of Peru

Bishop Kemme

Current Bishop of Wichita

Bishop Gerber

Wichita Bishop from 1982-2000; developed structural model for stewardship, making Wichita the only diocese in the country to fund its schools with it

Fr. Emil Kapaun

will be declared Venerable this summer and one step closer to being canonized