Unit 1 Vocab APUSH (copy)

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Corporate Colony Definition

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25 Terms

1

Corporate Colony Definition

Operated by joint-stock companies

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2

Corporate Colony Example

Jamestown, at least during these colonies’ early years

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3

Royal Colony Definition

Colony under the direct authority and rule of the king’s government.

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4

Royal Colony Example

Virginia after 1624

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5

Proprietary Colony Definition

Under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king.

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6

Proprietary Colony Example

Maryland and Pennsylvania

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7

Jamestown

  • King James I chartered the Virginia Company in 1606.

  • The Virginia Company founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607.

  • Early problems: settlers suffered due to swampy location, dysentery, and malaria.

  • Settlers were inexperienced gentlemen and gold hunters, hindering farming and survival.

  • Trade with Native Americans provided goods, but conflicts halted trade and caused starvation.

  • By 1624, Virginia colony faced collapse with a population drop to 1,300 from 5,000.

  • Disease and conflicts with Indians were major issues.

  • Virginia Company neared bankruptcy.

  • King James I took direct control, revoking the company's charter.

  • The colony transitioned to a royal colony and was renamed Virginia.

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8

Captain John Smith

Leader of Jamestown: Through his leadership, Jamestown  survived its first five years

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9

John Rolfe (Not On Vocab)

  • Name: John Rolfe

  • Significance: English settler in Jamestown, Virginia

  • Marriage: Married Pocahontas, a Native American princess

  • Tobacco: Introduced the cultivation of tobacco in Virginia

  • Economic Impact: Tobacco became a profitable cash crop

  • Peace Treaty: Rolfe's marriage to Pocahontas helped establish peace between English settlers and Native Americans

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10

Headright System

  • Virginia offered 50 acres of land called a headright to attract White settlers.

  • Headright system rewarded settlers or sponsors of settlers with land.

  • Indentured servants were sponsored by landowners using the headright system.

  • Initial colonization decades saw White laborers mainly employed by planters.

  • Transition occurred by the late 17th century.

  • Landowners shifted towards relying on enslaved Africans for labor.

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11

Plymouth Colony/Separatists (Pilgrims)

  • Northern colonies: Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay founded north of Jamestown.

  • Economic opportunity attracted indentured servants to these colonies.

  • Religious motivation was a defining factor in these colonies.

  • English Protestants dissented from the Church of England, seeking religious freedom.

  • Dissenters influenced by Swiss theologian John Calvin's teachings.

  • King James I saw dissenters as a threat and had them arrested.

  • Plymouth Colony: Separatists sought an independent church, became known as Pilgrims.

  • Pilgrims went to Holland first, then to America under Virginia Company's operation.

  • In 1620, Pilgrims sailed on the Mayflower, established Plymouth in Massachusetts.

  • After a harsh first winter, survivors aided by local Native Americans.

  • First Thanksgiving celebrated in 1621 after a successful harvest.

  • Leaders like Captain Miles Standish and Governor William Bradford shaped Plymouth's growth.

  • Economy centered on fish, furs, and lumber.

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12

Massachusetts Bay Colony

A group of  more moderate  dissenters,  called Puritans, believed that the Church of England could be reformed, or purified. The persecution of Puritans increased when a new king, Charles I, took the throne in 1625. Seeking religious freedom, a group of Puritans gained a royal charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company (1629).

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13

John Winthrop

In 1630, a thousand Puritans led by John Winthrop sailed for Massachusetts and founded Boston.

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14

Great Migration

  • Religious and political conflict in 1630s England drove 15,000 settlers to Massachusetts Bay Colony.

  • Puritans from Massachusetts Bay established multiple settlements in New England.

  • Unlike Virginia's plantations, New England settlements were a mix of small towns and family farms.

  • Economy in New England blended commerce and agriculture.

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15

Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

The  first  Lord  Baltimore  died  and  Maryland  passed  to  his  son,  Cecil Calvert—the  second  Lord  Baltimore.  The  son  set  about  implementing  his fathers plan in 1634 to provide a haven for his fellow Catholics, who faced persecution from Protestants in Britain.

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16

Maryland Act of Toleration

Ordered by Lord Baltimore after Catholic farmers were outnumbered by Protestant farmers. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians. However, there was a penalty of death to anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus.

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17

New England

Strong religious convictions sustained settlers in their struggle to establish the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies. However, Puritan leaders showed intolerance of anyone who questioned their religious teachings, often banishing dissidents from the Bay Colony. These dissidents formed settlements that became Rhode Island and Connecticut

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18

Roger Williams

One  well-respected  Puritan  minister  who  moved  from England  to  Boston  was  Roger  Williams,  who  arrived  in  1631.  He  believed that the individual’s conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority.  His  teachings  placed  him  in  conflict  with  other  Puritan  leaders, who  ordered  his  banishment.  Leaving  Boston,  Williams  fled  southward  to Narragansett  Bay, where  he and a few  followers founded  the community of Providence in 1636, and Williams started one of the first Baptist churches in America.

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19

Anne Hutchinson

She  believed  in  antinomianism—the  idea  that  since individuals receive salvation through their faith alone, they were not required to follow traditional moral laws. Banished from the Bay colony, Hutchinson and her followers founded Portsmouth in 1638. A few years later, Hutchinson migrated to Long Island and was killed in an American Indian uprising.

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20

Halfway Covenant

To  be  a  full  member  of  a  Puritan  congregation, individuals  needed  to  have  a  confirmed  religious  experience,  a  conversion. However, fewer members of the new native-born generation were having such experiences.  To  maintain  the  church’s  influence  and  membership,  a  halfway covenant  was  offered  by  some  clergy  so  that  people  could  become  partial members  even  if  they  had  not  felt  a  conversion.  Nevertheless,  as  the  years passed, strict Puritan practices weakened in most New England communities in order to maintain church membership.

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21

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania and a prominent Quaker leader in the 17th century. He advocated for religious freedom and fair treatment of Native Americans.

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22

Quakers

they  were  considered radical by most people in Britain and the colonies. They believed that religious authority was found within each person and not in the Bible nor in any outside source. This led them to support equality among all men and women and to reject  violence  and  resist  military  service.  Because  their  beliefs  challenged authority, the Quakers of England were persecuted and jailed for their beliefs.

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23

James Oglethorpe/Georgia

the colony’s first governor, put into effect a plan for making the colony thrive. There were strict regulations,  including bans  on drinking rum and slavery. Nevertheless, partly  because  of  the  constant  threat  of  Spanish  attack,  the  colony  did  not prosper. By 1752, Oglethorpe’s group gave up. Georgia was taken over by the British government and became a royal colony. Restrictions on rum and slavery were dropped.  The  colony  grew  slowly,  adopting  the  plantation  system  of  South Carolina. In 1776, Georgia was the smallest of the 13 colonies that rebelled against the British.

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24

Virginia House of Burgesses

A  Representative  Assembly  in  Virginia  The  Virginia  Company encouraged settlement by guaranteeing to settlers the same rights as residents of  England  had,  including  representation  in  lawmaking.  In  1619,  Virginia’s colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the House of Burgesses.

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25

Mayflower Compact

It was dominated by elite planters. Representative  Government  in  New  England  Aboard  the  Mayflower  in 1620,  the  Pilgrims  drew  up  and  signed  a  document  in  which  they  pledged to  make  decisions  by  the  will  of  the  majority.  Known  as  the  Mayflower Compact,  this  was  an  early  form  of  self-government  and  a  rudimentary written constitution.

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