Health Science III Chapter 11 (Notes 1)

arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (usually red)

veins

carry unoxygenated blood back to the heart (can appear blue)

capillaries

microscopic vessel where oxygen exchange occurs

lubb (heart sound)

relaxation of the ventricles; heart fills with blood (diastole)

dubb (heart sound)

contraction of ventricles, blood is pumped through aorta (systole)

what is blood pressure measured with?

sphygmomanometer

normal vs. high blood pressure

normal: 120/80

high: 140/90

systole

top #, pressure on artery walls when contracts

diastole

bottom #, pressure on artery walls when heart relaxes

arrhythmias

abnormal heart rhythms

bradycardia

slow heart rate, may result in missed beats

flutter

rapid but regular contractions (up to 300 bts/min); symptomatic of heart disease. TX: meds

fibrillation

very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (up to 350 bts/min). S: palpations, fatigue, shortness of breath. TX: meds, watchman's device, or pacemaker (5-10% of 70-80 year olds have this condition)

cardiac arrest

sudden stopping of the heart

congestive heart failure

heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood. S: shortness of breath, fatigue, exercise intolerance, fluid retention

pitting edema

accumulation of fluid in legs and feet (caused by congestive heart failure)

pacemaker

implanted device that keeps the heart beating at the correct rhythm

ventricular assist device

booster pump inserted in the abdomen, used in place of a heart transplant

atherosclerosis

fatty deposit on the lining of an artery; plague build up and artery may become clogged or blocked, which can lead to a heart attack

myocardial infarction

heart attack

pericarditis

inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart. S: malaise, fever, chest pain, scraping sound. TX: anti-inflammatory drugs/meds to manage pain

transient ischdemic attack (TIA)

stroke; or in small vessels of the skin, where multiple pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae) form

deep vein thrombosis

blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb

varicose veins

abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs. TX: sclerotherapy (injections with sclerosing fluid) or laser/pulse-light treatment to seal of veins

auscultation

mid systolic click

bruit

murmur heard on an ausculation

beta blockers

drug used to treat angina, hypertension, arrhythmias; blocks action of epinephrine receptor sites on cells, slowing heart beat and reducing the workload on the heart

statins

drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream

ECG

recording of electricity flowing through the heart (electocardiography)

PCI

balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place (percutaneous coronary intervention)