Module 2 Bio

4 main macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Monosaccharides

monomers that make of carbohydrates

Disaccharide

2 monosaccharides joined together by a covalent bond

carbohydrate function

energy and structure

glucose

useful source of energy for cells, ring-like structure, and has MANY isomers

Monosaccharides are joined by

glycosidic linkages

Glycosidic Linkage (linear)

attached by 1,4 g-bonds

glycosidic linkage (branched)

attached by the 1,6 g-bonds

why are glycogen and starch branched?

so it can be broken down to glucose

chitin

VERY strong exoskeleton of animals

are lipida polymers?

NOOOOOOO

function of lipids

long term energy storage, pigments in plants, structural component of steroids, insulation, waxy coating, cell membrane

4 major lipids

fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

fatty acid

long hydrocarbon

are lipids polar or nonpolar

both!

amphipathic

both polar and nonpolar

saturated fat

bonded by ONLY single bonds and creating a tight bond

unsaturated fat

bonded by single AND double bonds which causes KINKS AND BENDS

Triglycerides

3 fatty acids that are attached to a molecule called glycerol

phosolipid

very similar structure to a triglyceride, but a charged phosphate molecule replaces one fatty acid

steroid

hormones

proteins are made up of

amino acids

what makes up an amino acid

amino group, carboxyl group, carbon central atom, and a R group

peptides

short polymers of amino acids

primary structure

sequence of amino acids formed by peptide bonds (polar)

secondary structure

in a primary structure there is hydrogen. hydrogen create dipoles that can react to other primary structures and form 2ndary structures

2 types of secondary structure

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

tertiary structure

a bunch of 2ndary structures connected together

formed interactions between R-groups

disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der waals interactions

quarternary structure

formed between many tertiary bonds

Denaturing

breaking down quart, and tertiary w/ out breaking peptide

Importance of Denaturation

important in changing pH, making things poplar/nonpolar, temp changes

nucleic acids are made up of

nucleotides

structure of a nucleotide

phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

Pryimidine Bases

single rings, cytosine, thymine, and uracil

purines

double rings, adenine, and guanine

phosphate backbone

link between 5 carbons and 3 carbon and deoxyribose

Antiparrell

two sides run in opposite directions
- atoms arranged in opposite structure

Adenine

Thymine(held by 2 H-bonds)

Cytosine

Guanine(held by 3 H-bonds)