Studied by 11 people
Why was Henry less prepared to rule England?
Never meant to be king as he wasn’t trained- youngest child of HVII and Elizabeth of York.
When did Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn marry?
25th January 1533
What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
An act that declared that no monarch possessed an imperial jurisdiction- basically no one could appeal to Rome (Catherine)
What was the Act of Supremacy?
Gave legislative force to the royal supremacy- accomplished break from Rome.
What was the act of succession?
Declared the marriage to Catherine was void
Anne’s marriage to HVIII was not treasonable
Succession should be vested in Anne’s children
What was the Act of Treason?
Anyone who spoke badly about the King’s marriage i.e. call him ‘heretic’ was now treasonous
When was the pilgrimage of grace?
1536
Religious issues with the reformation.
Most normal citizens could not understand or sympathize with religious changes.
What was the cause of the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Dissolution of the monasteries e.g. the loss of church charity and Amicable Grant (1525).
What was the thriving trade industry exporting?
Cloth, 80% of cloth exports were English- nearly doubled during HVIII’s reign
What was engrossing?
The joining together of 2 or more farms to make a single unit- improved efficiency..
What was the problem with enclosure?
188 people were illegally enclosing, the poor were being forced out of their homes.
Regional issues.
Anglo-scottish border and the council in the North.
The gentry under HVIII
5000 gentry families, numbers increased- more were laymen than churchmen.
Commoners under HVIII
Little change to social structure
Outbreaks of disorder were common
The nobility under HVIII
The numbers increased- by the end there was only 9 more than the beginning of his reign.
Many fell victim to his orthodox style
Who was Richard Hunne?
Refused to pay church fines and was imprisoned, found dead in his cell- accidentally murdered.
What was the Valor Escalesatcus?
A survey to see how wealthy the church was.
Why was the pressure on HVIII reduced in 1536?
Death of Catherine of Aragon and execution of Anne Boleyn meant there was the possibility of a renewed alliance with the HRE- Francis I and the emperor were fighting= no England isolation
Why was HVIII’s position weakened by 1538?
Francis I and Charles V are friends again
Pope wants a catholic crusade against HVIII
Scotland 1540-1547
Military success- goes nowhere
Failed marriage alliance with
What went wrong with France (late Foreign Policy 1540-7)
Charles V got bored with the conflict and made a peace treaty with France
However peace is eventually agreed
Battle of Flodden September 1513
King James VI crosses the border with substantial force
Was defeated with a much smaller army
Henry does nothing to build on this advantage
What destroyed Cromwell’s credibility?
Anne of Cleves incident
When was Cromwell executed?
July 1540
Which French towns did HVIII conquer in 1512?
Therovanne and Tournai
Who was in the Anti-French Alliance?
Spain, HRE, Venice, Papacy and England
How many times did HVIII use Parliament?
9
What was the role of Parliament before 1530s?
To grant revenue to the crown and pass laws.
Why did the conciliar approach to Government end?
HVIII didn’t like the ‘reluctant attitude/ of his father’s advisors- arrested Empson and Dudley
Became more of his own young nobles, asserting his dominance in decision making
Who’s idea was the break from Rome?
Cromwell
What was the submission of the clergy 1532?
Formal surrender of the church’s independent law-making function
Why was the court of star chamber so important?
Was the centre of Government and gave fair justice to the legal system
What was the ‘Collectanea Satis Copiosa
A collection of historical documents which looked to justify the divorce
What were HVIII aims for Government?
Establish himself but also preserve tudor legacy
Pursue glory- secure succession
Other than that his aims were unclear
What was the Amicable Grant? (1525)
Wolsey ordered the AG to raise money for war
Heavy tax without Parliament’s approval
What happened at the Field of the Cloth of Gold 1520?
HVIII and Francis I met
Who did the Pope send to hear the case alongside Wolsey?
Cardinal Campeggio
Why did Wolsey’s fake court not work?
Catherine refused to accept the court’s verdict in accordance with cannon (church) law.
Why was the Pope not in a position to issue a dispensation?
He was effectively a prisoner to the emperor
What was the King’s ‘Great Matter’?
The need for a papal dispensation for the annulment of HVIII’s marriage
Why was Wolsey unhappy with the privy chamber?
Because it was the one area of Government that was not under his control and they could influence the King.
What is the Chancery?
The main court of equity justice, based off applying the principle of equity i.e. fairness rather than strict, common law
What was the Treaty of London (1518)?
Meaningless peace treaty between England and France
When did Henry VII die?
April 1509
Why was Anne Boleyn executed?
Cromwell convinced the King that her flirtatious manner had led to adultery and incest.
HVIII was insecure of his relationship with the King was breaking down
Why did Wolsey enforce an embargo on trade with the Burgundian Islands?
Wanted to put pressure on the emperor
What was the treaty of Amiens (1527)?
An anti-imperial alliance with the French
When was the renewal of the Treaty of Etaples?
1510
When was Cromwell executed/ Marriage between Catherine Howard?
28th July 1540
What was the supplication against the ordinances?
A form of petition that directed against the ordinary jurisdiction?
What type of Bible did all Parishes have to have by 1538?
English (although lots didn’t!!)
Foreign policy 1514-26
No clear theme
England remains a minor power unable to compete
HVIII significantly overestimates English power- ran out of money
When was the council learned in law abolished?
1510
When was Wolsey’s ‘made up’ court?
May 1527
When was the Reformation Parliament in session?
1529-36
When does Anne become pregnant?
December 1532
When was the end of Government by counciliar rule?
1514
When did HVIII marry Catherine of Aragon?
11th June 1509
When did Wolsey die?
29th November 1529
When did the court adjourn, sealing Wolsey’s fate?
30th July 1529
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Flashcard (25)