Henry VIII

Why was Henry less prepared to rule England?

Never meant to be king as he wasn’t trained- youngest child of HVII and Elizabeth of York.

When did Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn marry?

25th January 1533

What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?

An act that declared that no monarch possessed an imperial jurisdiction- basically no one could appeal to Rome (Catherine)

What was the Act of Supremacy?

Gave legislative force to the royal supremacy- accomplished break from Rome.

What was the act of succession?

Declared the marriage to Catherine was void

Anne’s marriage to HVIII was not treasonable

Succession should be vested in Anne’s children

What was the Act of Treason?

Anyone who spoke badly about the King’s marriage i.e. call him ‘heretic’ was now treasonous

When was the pilgrimage of grace?

1536

Religious issues with the reformation.

Most normal citizens could not understand or sympathize with religious changes.

What was the cause of the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Dissolution of the monasteries e.g. the loss of church charity and Amicable Grant (1525).

What was the thriving trade industry exporting?

Cloth, 80% of cloth exports were English- nearly doubled during HVIII’s reign

What was engrossing?

The joining together of 2 or more farms to make a single unit- improved efficiency..

What was the problem with enclosure?

188 people were illegally enclosing, the poor were being forced out of their homes.

Regional issues.

Anglo-scottish border and the council in the North.

The gentry under HVIII

5000 gentry families, numbers increased- more were laymen than churchmen.

Commoners under HVIII

Little change to social structure

Outbreaks of disorder were common

The nobility under HVIII

The numbers increased- by the end there was only 9 more than the beginning of his reign.

Many fell victim to his orthodox style

Who was Richard Hunne?

Refused to pay church fines and was imprisoned, found dead in his cell- accidentally murdered.

What was the Valor Escalesatcus?

A survey to see how wealthy the church was.

Why was the pressure on HVIII reduced in 1536?

Death of Catherine of Aragon and execution of Anne Boleyn meant there was the possibility of a renewed alliance with the HRE- Francis I and the emperor were fighting= no England isolation

Why was HVIII’s position weakened by 1538?

Francis I and Charles V are friends again

Pope wants a catholic crusade against HVIII

Scotland 1540-1547

Military success- goes nowhere

Failed marriage alliance with

What went wrong with France (late Foreign Policy 1540-7)

Charles V got bored with the conflict and made a peace treaty with France

However peace is eventually agreed

Battle of Flodden September 1513

King James VI crosses the border with substantial force

Was defeated with a much smaller army

Henry does nothing to build on this advantage

What destroyed Cromwell’s credibility?

Anne of Cleves incident

When was Cromwell executed?

July 1540

Which French towns did HVIII conquer in 1512?

Therovanne and Tournai

Who was in the Anti-French Alliance?

Spain, HRE, Venice, Papacy and England

How many times did HVIII use Parliament?

9

What was the role of Parliament before 1530s?

To grant revenue to the crown and pass laws.

Why did the conciliar approach to Government end?

HVIII didn’t like the ‘reluctant attitude/ of his father’s advisors- arrested Empson and Dudley

Became more of his own young nobles, asserting his dominance in decision making

Who’s idea was the break from Rome?

Cromwell

What was the submission of the clergy 1532?

Formal surrender of the church’s independent law-making function

Why was the court of star chamber so important?

Was the centre of Government and gave fair justice to the legal system

What was the ‘Collectanea Satis Copiosa

A collection of historical documents which looked to justify the divorce

What were HVIII aims for Government?

Establish himself but also preserve tudor legacy

Pursue glory- secure succession

Other than that his aims were unclear

What was the Amicable Grant? (1525)

Wolsey ordered the AG to raise money for war

Heavy tax without Parliament’s approval

What happened at the Field of the Cloth of Gold 1520?

HVIII and Francis I met

Who did the Pope send to hear the case alongside Wolsey?

Cardinal Campeggio

Why did Wolsey’s fake court not work?

Catherine refused to accept the court’s verdict in accordance with cannon (church) law.

Why was the Pope not in a position to issue a dispensation?

He was effectively a prisoner to the emperor

What was the King’s ‘Great Matter’?

The need for a papal dispensation for the annulment of HVIII’s marriage

Why was Wolsey unhappy with the privy chamber?

Because it was the one area of Government that was not under his control and they could influence the King.

What is the Chancery?

The main court of equity justice, based off applying the principle of equity i.e. fairness rather than strict, common law

What was the Treaty of London (1518)?

Meaningless peace treaty between England and France

When did Henry VII die?

April 1509

Why was Anne Boleyn executed?

Cromwell convinced the King that her flirtatious manner had led to adultery and incest.

HVIII was insecure of his relationship with the King was breaking down

Why did Wolsey enforce an embargo on trade with the Burgundian Islands?

Wanted to put pressure on the emperor

What was the treaty of Amiens (1527)?

An anti-imperial alliance with the French

When was the renewal of the Treaty of Etaples?

1510

When was Cromwell executed/ Marriage between Catherine Howard?

28th July 1540

What was the supplication against the ordinances?

A form of petition that directed against the ordinary jurisdiction?

What type of Bible did all Parishes have to have by 1538?

English (although lots didn’t!!)

Foreign policy 1514-26

No clear theme

England remains a minor power unable to compete

HVIII significantly overestimates English power- ran out of money

When was the council learned in law abolished?

1510

When was Wolsey’s ‘made up’ court?

May 1527

When was the Reformation Parliament in session?

1529-36

When does Anne become pregnant?

December 1532

When was the end of Government by counciliar rule?

1514

When did HVIII marry Catherine of Aragon?

11th June 1509

When did Wolsey die?

29th November 1529

When did the court adjourn, sealing Wolsey’s fate?

30th July 1529