Pharm Final :(

science concerned with properties of drugs and their effects on the living system

Pharmacology

branch of pharmacology the deals directly with effectiveness and safety of drugs in a clinical setting. (clinical pharmacology, pharmacology, pharmacy, pharmacodynamics)

Clinical pharmacology

_______ is the amount of drug given at one time. __________ is the amount given, the route, the interval between, and the duration of therapy.

Dose

Dosage

Ability of a drug to control/cure an illness

efficacy

lowest concentration that produces the desired effect

minimum effective concentration

refers to the dose effective in 50% of the population

ED50

drug concentration associated with efficacy and not toxicity

therapeutic range

amount of drug needed to achieve specific biological effect and seldom any medical significance

potency

Which is the proprietary name?

a. mitotane

b. None are proprietary names

c. amoxicillin

d. Albon

Albon

an adverse event that is idiosyncratic, unpredictable, and often non-dose dependent.

type B reaction

an adverse event that can be anticipated based on known mechanism of drug, and it is usually dose dependent

type A reaction

Substance naturally produced in the body and it induces a physiologic action

endogenous agonist

substance that blocks the action of an agonist

antagonist

substance that binds to the same site as an agonist but doesn’t activate it. Therefore, blocking the agonist action. This is used to prevent activity of drugs and to reverse effects of drugs.

competitive antagonist

**Substance that binds to more than one type of receptor and causes an effect at one receptor and no effect or less pronounced effect at another.**

partial agonist

Substance that binds to one or more types of receptors and causes certain effects

pure agonist

Substance the have agonist activity at one receptor site while simultaneously producing an antagonist activity at another site

agonist-antagonist

drugs are primarily metabolixed by the

liver

True/False: Because of the “First pass effect” a large portion of orally administered meds are inactivated by the liver before entering circulation. This is why oral doses are smaller than injectable.

false

A dose of four tenths of mg would be written how?

0\.4 mg

T/F: All ethical products sold through DVM are illegal to sale.

false

egulates pesticides and topical flea/tick products

EPA

regulates oral or parenterally administered pesticides

FDA

regulates veterinary biologics/vaccines

USDA

agency that enforces provisions of the controlled substances act of 1970 and subsequent amendments

DEA

Refills for a non-controlled prescription drug may be authorized by the veterinarian for a maximum of __________ from date on the original prescription

12 months

There is a _______ refill limit for a controlled prescription drugs.

6 month

T/F: OTC product is used extra-label in animals, it must not be treated as a prescription drug in accordance with the provisions of AMDUCA.

false

If there is a veterinary product available, you have to choose it over a human product for nonfood animals?

no

Which of the following applies for a compounded product?

a. No resale

b. Not a duplication

c. Based on individual needs

d. All the above

D: all of the above

abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence

schedule II

drugs with the lowest potential for abuse

schedule V

high potential for abuse

schedule I

less potential for abuse

schedule III

limited physical or psychological dependence potential

IV

the DEA requires that controlled substance records be kept for

2 years

T/F: When Humane Societies obtain DEA license, the vet responsible can use the same vet DEA registration for their clinic and shelter.

false

Outdated, damaged, or contaminated CS must be disposed of, and we must follow federal regulations and filing

DEA form 41

to order schedule II drugs file a

DEA form 222

T/F: Mistakes on a DEA form can be corrected only with liquid paper.

false

___________ can not be refilled

schedule I

during repolarization, _______ moves out of the cell

Potassium (K)

what clinical signs is expected after administering gylcopyyrolate

increase heartrate

A owner is prescribed nitroglycerin cream for their pet. What advice can you give owner?

Wear gloves, apply to pinna of ear and layer of skin w/o hair, do NOT pet area with cream

T/F: Drug that block alpha-1 receptors, decrease arterial blood pressures

true

T/F: Drugs that imitates acetylcholine would slow heartrate

true

What is the drug of choice for control of premature ventricular contractions and ventricular arrhythmias?

lidocaine

Client calls in regards to their 2 year old cat presenting with diarrhea, vomiting. The pet is on Digoxin. What is your suggestion?

bring in immediately

What is the drug of choice for accumulating in cardiac muscles and cause residual affect after infusion?

dobutamine

In cat, facial dermatitis is a side effect of

spironolactone

The main purpose of vasopressors

increase blood pressure when fluid therapy is insufficient

Feline patient presents to the clinic for high blood pressure issues. The doctor put the patient on a antihypertensive medication. A week later the owner reports that the patient has been vomiting and having diarrhea for the past 24 hours. Which antihypertensive medication is the patient most likely on?

amlodipine

what disease or medical condition do bronchodilators treat

Feline asthma, Equine COPD, canine chronic bronchitis

What medication route is used to give terbutaline?

SQ

T/F: Decongestants are rarely used in animals

true

This class of respiratory drugs are designed to break mucous

mucolytics

_______ is the drug of choice emetic in cats

xylazine

Maropitant is a NK-1 receptor antagonist antiemetic. What is the trade name?

cerenia

What is the generic name for Zofran?

Ondansetron

According to the article “Assessment of Dexmedetomidine,” two reversal medication for this drug are?

Atipamezole hydrochloride and Yohimbine

According to the article “Assessment of Dexmedetomidine,” what has no effect on inducing emesis in cats?

hydrogen peroxide

Name one of the five ways the vomiting reflex is influenced:

a. Stimulation of neurons from emetic center

b. Stimulation of chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ)

c. Distention or irritation of GI contents

d. Inner/ear balance

e. Emotional stimulus or intracranial trauma or pressure

A canine patient presents to the clinic having ate a reese’s peanut butter cup. What drug will you give to induce vomiting?

apomorphine

A owner calls concerned because her dog has had dark stool for 2 days. She is worried it is due to digested blood. The dog has been on bismuth subsalicylate for 2 days. How do you response the client?

These side effects are expected of patients on pepto-bismol. It is normal. If medication is slowed down and stopped the stool will go back to normal.

Which drug is considered an antacid/antiulcer drug?

Nizatidine

Which of the following antidiarrheal should not be used in cats?

bismuth subsalicylate

what drug treats hypothyroidism

levothyroxine

what drug treats hyperadrenocorticism

mitotane and trilostane

drug to treat hyperthyroidism

I-131 and methimazole

drug to treat hypoadrenocorticism

DOCP (percortin) and Fludrocortison (Flurinef)

drug to treat diabetes mellitus

glipizide in cat

drug to treat insulinomas

diazoxide and glucocorticoids

T/F: When performing TDM, use serum separator tubes for any samples

false

T/F: Do not give prednisone or prednisolone until after ACTH stim test.

true

This drug is used in the treatment of hypocalcemia. It does NOT require PTH for activation and is the preferred form of Vitamin D in hypoparathyroidism.

Dihydrotachysterol

For treating diabetes mellitus, which form of therapy is the better choice?

insulin

T/F: When preparing insulin administration, shake the vial to mix insulin because rolling it will create air bubbles.

false

This should NOT be given to patients in insulin shock

table sugar

T/F: When giving insulin to a patient, the syringe g does not matter.

false

Referred to as “mismating shot” and prevents embryo implantation in dogs within 72 hrs of mating

Estradiol cypionate injection

Given to female dogs to either prevent estrus (before heat) or shorten estrus (after 1st sign of heat)

Megaestrol acetate (Ovaban)

oral liquid to suppress estrus in mares

Altrenoget (Regu mate)

lyses corpus luteum on ovary, forcing animal to begin estrous

prostaglandin F2 alpha

used to cause milk-let down, also causes uterine contractions during birth and for the next 2 days

oxytocin

bladder detrusor atony

hypocontractile

bladder urge incontinence

hypercontractile

the most common cause of incontinence in adult female dogs

urethral incompetence

Phenylpropanolamine is effective in __________ of female dogs with urethral incontinence

85-90%

drug indicated for detrusor instability

oxybutynin

drug for smooth muscle relaxation. mainly in effect in reducing internal urethral sphincter tone in dogs and cats when urethral sphincter hypertonus presents

Phenoxybenzamine

Used to increase bladder contractility; increased tone of detrusor muscle of the bladder; used to treat “spinal cord bladders.

Bethanechol

Increases urethral closure pressure by increasing density and responsiveness of alpha-adrenergic receptors in urethral smooth muscles.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

NSAIDs work by blocking

Cyclo-oxygenase

anti-inflammatory steroids block

Phospholipase

_________ is the most common side effect of NSAIDs

GI ulceration

which drug is an alcohol type of glucocortiocid

Flumethasone

you can safely give NSAIDs to a dehydrated patient

false

what disease is caused by long-term use of glucocorticoid drugs

Hyperadrenocorticism

which steroid is most commonly used for topical applications

cortisone (cortisol)

which steroid is an abortifacient in cattle and is sometimes used in conjunction with lutalyse to induce cows over their expected due date?

Dexamethasone