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Primates- origin, sister order, characteristics, diversification 

Order of mammals that contains 145 species

• Most recent common ancestor of ALL primates lived 80 MYA

• sister order = Scandentia

• Arboreal and tropical, stereoscopic color vision, bony orbits to protect eyes, and large brains relative to body

• Diverged into lemurs/lorises, Tarsiers, New-world monkeys and old world monkeys 

New World Monkeys vs. Old World Monkeys

New world monkeys- Platyrrine monkeys

Old world minkeys- Catarrhine monkeys, includes cheek pouch monkeys, apes and humans (Hominoidea) , and leaf eating monkeys 

• Hominidae split from Old World Minkey 30 MYA

Describe Homonoidea ,Hominidae and Homininae, what each includes and their relationship to eachother 

List genuses in the Hominidae clade (great apes) Which is NOT an african great ape? Which are part of the Homininae clade? 

• Orangutangs (Pongo) (NOT african great ape) 

• Gorilla (gorilla)

• Chimp (Pan)

• Bonobo (Pan)

• Human (Homo)

All other genuses are part of the homininae clade 

Species of Orangutangs

Borean

Sumatran

Tapanuli

Describe habitual brachiation and which genuses do it?

Swinging from tree branches to move around

All great apes did this (Pan, Homo, Gorilla, Pongo)

Describe the Pan genus

• closest relative of homo sapien (split 5.5 MYA)

• Chimpanzees- extended childcare, use of tools, feed and sleep in trees but otherwise on ground, polygamous and highly social

• Bonobos- live in Congo, less violent, resources controlled by females in hierarchical bands, standing is inherited by mothers’

Describe Gorilla genus

• two types; western and eastern

• live in small male-dominated groups

• Males 2x big as females

How are humans unique from other apes?

• Slow and weak

• bipedal

• culture and language

• Huge brains

Why did intermediate steps in hominin evolution occur? What characteristics evolved first/last?

• Change in diet as a result of climate change (less fruits available)

• Bipedalism, large brains, small teeth

Define Hominin

Any species more closely related to human than chimps

Describe Homonin transition to bipedalism, small brai andsmall teeth and the distinct genuses/ species involvd 

1. Sahelanthropus- earliest common ancestor of chimps and humans, flat face and small brain 

2. Ardipithecus- first MOSTLY bipedal primate, still had grasping thumb, long face and long neck and arms BUT neck was attached to bottom of skull, had SMALL TEETH and open pelvis (one of earliest homonins)

3. Australopithicus- FULLY bipedal homonin, but was capable of walking and climbing, think LUCY

4. Appearance of Homo genus- flat face large brain, stone tools (Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis) “transitional hominins”

5. Homo erectus and homo neanderthal- “premodern humans”, erect, flat face, large brain and longer legs, made for migration and traveled out of Africa and into Europe and Asia 

6. Homo sapiens- 0.2 MYA, largest brains and tallest, anatomically modern human 

Describe the two models for the origin of H. sapien, which one is correct?

• African replacement moddel- H. sapien emerged in africa and colonized each region, replacing other lineages

• Multiregional evolution- H. erectus and descendants colonized each region and H. sapien was the result in each one (gene flow within regions)

• Most support African Replacement model

Describe genetic divrsity among human populations on a small vs large scale

• Genetic diversity is more significant WITHIN populations than between populations

• “Racial” differences are less genetically significant

Migration in a continent-island system equation

change in p = m(pm-P)

change in p= change in allele frequency on island

p = allele frequency on island before migration

m= migration rate

pm= allele frequency on continent

eventually p=pm and the two will be in equilibrium

What does genetic drift do in a population?

• fixes non-heterozygous genotypes and either dominant or recessive allles

• probability that alelle will be fixated = allele frequency in current population

How to predict heterozygosity in next generation

remember to use effective population size and raiseto the power of t (time)

Effect of drift vs effect of flow

• OPPOSITE

• Gene flow diversifies and drift fixates! 

Fst and migration rate

Ne= effective population size

m= migration rate

Selection differential vs responseto selection

Selection differential

• S= trait mean after selection - trait mean before selection

• how the CURRENT population is affected by selection

Response to selecytion

• difference between generations after selection event

R is always smaller than S!!!

Breeders equation purpose and variables

• predict outcome of evolution using heritability

• S x H = R

• Heritability ranges 0-1, the clearer the slop of the line, the higher the heritability

Equillibrium frequency equation

How to tell when selection or drift will be favored