Studied by 5 people
5 functions of the skeletal system
protection, muscle attachment, movement, blood cell production and mineral storage
4 classifications of bone
long, short, flat and irregular
Where are immovable joints found?
skull/Cranium
Where are slightly movable joints found?
Vertebrae
The order of the vertebral column from top to bottom is
Cervical, thoracic, sacral, lumbar, coccyx
The shin bone is called the ________.
tibia
The calf bone is called the
Fibula
pivot joint
found at the top of the neck
What are the two bones in the neck that form a pivot joint
Atlas and axis
hinge joint
found at the elbow and knee
ball and socket joint
found at the shoulder and hip
condyloid joint
found at the wrist
flexion
the angle at the joint is decreased. flexion can be seen as bending
extension
the angle at the joint increases, it is seen as straightening
abduction
when a limb is moved away from the midline of the body
adduction
when a limb is moved towards the midline of the body
rotation
where a limb moves in a circular motion around a fixed joint
circumduction
where a limb moves in a circle
plantar flexion
when toes are pointed away from the shin at the ankle
dorsi flexion
when toes are raised towards the shin
Movement allowed by pectoralis major
Adduction and flexion at the shoulder
Movement allowed by deltoids
Flexion, extension, abduction and circumduction at the shoulder (e.g. bowling a cricket ball)
Movement allowed by latissimus dorsi
Extension,adduction and rotation at the shoulder (e.g. butterfly stroke in swimming)
Movement allowed by biceps
Flexion at the elbow
Movement allowed by triceps
Extension at the elbow
Movement allowed by external obliques
Rotation and flexion at the waist
Which muscle allows for Dorsi flexion
Tibialis anterior
Which muscle allows for plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius
ligaments
connect bone to bone
tendons
attach muscle to bone
3 types of muscle
cardiac, voluntary, involuntary
vascular shunting
a process where the redistribution of blood occurs and blood flow increases to active areas from inactive areas
vasodilation
the widening of the lumen to increase blood flow
vasoconstriction
the narrowing of the lumen to decrease blood flow
antagonistic pair
a pair of muscles that work together to produce movement
agonist
the muscle within the pair that is working, contracting and shortening to pull the bone
antagonist
the muscle within the pair that is relaxing and shortening
isotonic muscle contraction
muscle changes in length with no change in tension
isometric contraction
Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the same length
type 1 muscle fibres (+adaptations)
known as slow twitch fibres and are suited for low intensity exercise such as a marathon as they can be used for a long time without fatiguing
type 11a muscle fibres. (+adaptations)
known as fast twitch fibres. they are suited to lengthy anaerobic work such as an 800m race and can be improved through endurance training to increase their resistance to fatigue
type 11x muscle fibres (+adaptations)
known as fast twitch fibres. They are used for anaerobic work and can generate a greater force than other fibre types but they fatigue quickly.
4 functions of the CV system
transport. clotting, temperature regulation, protection
arteries
blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to muscles and organs (Thick walls/High-pressure blood, elasticated)
veins
blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from msucles and organs to the heart and they contain valves to prevent backflow of blood
capillaries
blood vessels that wrap around muscles and organs so that gaseous exchange can take place and are one cell thick
components of the blood
rbc, wbc, plasma and platelets
vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels, so bloodflow is diverted away from organs of less use
vasodilation
widening of blood vessels, Allow more blood to flow through
Vascular shunting
Process that increases blood flow to Working muscles during exercise by diverting blood away from inactive areas; achieved by vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
Which has stronger thicker walls left ventricle or right ventricle. Why?
The left ventricle has a stronger thicker walls because it needs to pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the entire body
Name of the wall that separates right and left sides of the heart
The Septum
gaseous exchange
oxygen moves from air in the alveoli into the blood in the capillaries, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries into the air in the alveoli
Which muscles contract during inhalation
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
aerobic exercise
glucose + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water
anaerobic exercise
glucose = energy + lactic acid
Fats can only be respired
Aerobically
Carbohydrates can be respired...
aerobically and anaerobically
lactic acid
is a by product of anaerobic exercise which leads to muscle fatigue
stroke volume
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart PER BEAT
heart rate
the number of beats per minute
cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
Cardiac output equation
heart rate x stroke volume
What happens to hr, stroke volume, cardiac output during exercise?
They increase
tidal volume
the amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath
frequency (respiratory system)
the number of breaths taken per minute
minute ventilation
the amount of air inhaled and exhales per minute
vital capacity
the maximum amount of exhaled air following a maximum inhalation
Short term effects of exercise
Increased body temperature, increased breathing rate, increased heart rate, increase cardiac output
Why is Oxygen required after exercise
To repay oxygen debt
Long-term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system
Joint flexibility(Tendons and ligaments become stronger), muscle hypertrophy, bone density, muscular endurance
Capilliarisation
The development of blood capillaries in the body which increases through long term effects of exercise
Long-term effects of exercise on the heart
Lower resting heart rate, hyper Trophy of the heart, cardiovascular endurance
Long-term effects of exercise on the vascular system
Lower blood pressure, more red blood cells, Capilliarisation
Long-term effects of exercise on the respiratory system
More alveoli, stronger diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, increased lung capacity
lever
a rigid bar or object that moves around a fixed fulcrum
fulcrum
a fixed pivot point, a joint in the body
effort
the source of energy, the muscle in the body
load
the weight/resistance to be moved
load arm
the distance from the load to the fulcrum
effort arm
the distance from the effort to the fulcrum
example of 1st class lever
Triceps dip
example of second class lever
Plantar flexion of the ankle e.g. sprinter exploding of blocks (wheelbarrow)
example of third class lever
bicep curl
(Levers) 123...
FLE
mechanical advantage
when a levers effort arm is longer than its load arm. load can be moved with a relatively small amount of effort (2nd class lever)
Which types of levers have a mechanical advantage smaller than 1
First class and third class
Which of the leavers operate a mechanical advantage
Second-class
mechanical disadvantage
when a levers load arm is longer than its effort arm. it has low load force to effort ratio
Consequences of a long load/resistance arm
Quick movement, large range of motion
Consequences of a short resistance/load arm
Small range of motion, ability to support a heavy weight
plane
an imaginary line dividing the body in two
axis
an imaginary line around which a body part or body can turn
frontal plane
dividing the body vertically from front to back
sagittal plane
dividing the body vertically from side to side
transverse plane
dividing the body horizontally separating top and bottom.
frontal axis
passing through the body from left to right allowing flexion and extension
sagittal axis
passing through the body from front to back allowing abduction and adduction (stab)
vertical axis
passing vertically through the body allowing rotation, from top to bottom (head to toe)
health
a state of complete physical, social and emotional well being and not merely in the absence of disease or infirmity
Note 
Flashcard (93)