PE - EDEXCEL GCSE (Flashcards)

5 functions of the skeletal system

protection, muscle attachment, movement, blood cell production and mineral storage

4 classifications of bone

long, short, flat and irregular

Where are immovable joints found?

skull/Cranium

Where are slightly movable joints found?

Vertebrae

The order of the vertebral column from top to bottom is

Cervical, thoracic, sacral, lumbar, coccyx

The shin bone is called the ________.

tibia

The calf bone is called the

Fibula

pivot joint

found at the top of the neck

What are the two bones in the neck that form a pivot joint

Atlas and axis

hinge joint

found at the elbow and knee

ball and socket joint

found at the shoulder and hip

condyloid joint

found at the wrist

flexion

the angle at the joint is decreased. flexion can be seen as bending

extension

the angle at the joint increases, it is seen as straightening

abduction

when a limb is moved away from the midline of the body

adduction

when a limb is moved towards the midline of the body

rotation

where a limb moves in a circular motion around a fixed joint

circumduction

where a limb moves in a circle

plantar flexion

when toes are pointed away from the shin at the ankle

dorsi flexion

when toes are raised towards the shin

Movement allowed by pectoralis major

Adduction and flexion at the shoulder

Movement allowed by deltoids

Flexion, extension, abduction and circumduction at the shoulder (e.g. bowling a cricket ball)

Movement allowed by latissimus dorsi

Extension,adduction and rotation at the shoulder (e.g. butterfly stroke in swimming)

Movement allowed by biceps

Flexion at the elbow

Movement allowed by triceps

Extension at the elbow

Movement allowed by external obliques

Rotation and flexion at the waist

Which muscle allows for Dorsi flexion

Tibialis anterior

Which muscle allows for plantar flexion

Gastrocnemius

ligaments

connect bone to bone

tendons

attach muscle to bone

3 types of muscle

cardiac, voluntary, involuntary

vascular shunting

a process where the redistribution of blood occurs and blood flow increases to active areas from inactive areas

vasodilation

the widening of the lumen to increase blood flow

vasoconstriction

the narrowing of the lumen to decrease blood flow

antagonistic pair

a pair of muscles that work together to produce movement

agonist

the muscle within the pair that is working, contracting and shortening to pull the bone

antagonist

the muscle within the pair that is relaxing and shortening

isotonic muscle contraction

muscle changes in length with no change in tension

isometric contraction

Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the same length

type 1 muscle fibres (+adaptations)

known as slow twitch fibres and are suited for low intensity exercise such as a marathon as they can be used for a long time without fatiguing

type 11a muscle fibres. (+adaptations)

known as fast twitch fibres. they are suited to lengthy anaerobic work such as an 800m race and can be improved through endurance training to increase their resistance to fatigue

type 11x muscle fibres (+adaptations)

known as fast twitch fibres. They are used for anaerobic work and can generate a greater force than other fibre types but they fatigue quickly.

4 functions of the CV system

transport. clotting, temperature regulation, protection

arteries

blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to muscles and organs (Thick walls/High-pressure blood, elasticated)

veins

blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from msucles and organs to the heart and they contain valves to prevent backflow of blood

capillaries

blood vessels that wrap around muscles and organs so that gaseous exchange can take place and are one cell thick

components of the blood

rbc, wbc, plasma and platelets

vasoconstriction

narrowing of blood vessels, so bloodflow is diverted away from organs of less use

vasodilation

widening of blood vessels, Allow more blood to flow through

Vascular shunting

Process that increases blood flow to Working muscles during exercise by diverting blood away from inactive areas; achieved by vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

Which has stronger thicker walls left ventricle or right ventricle. Why?

The left ventricle has a stronger thicker walls because it needs to pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the entire body

Name of the wall that separates right and left sides of the heart

The Septum

gaseous exchange

oxygen moves from air in the alveoli into the blood in the capillaries, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries into the air in the alveoli

Which muscles contract during inhalation

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

aerobic exercise

glucose + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water

anaerobic exercise

glucose = energy + lactic acid

Fats can only be respired

Aerobically

Carbohydrates can be respired...

aerobically and anaerobically

lactic acid

is a by product of anaerobic exercise which leads to muscle fatigue

stroke volume

the amount of blood pumped out of the heart PER BEAT

heart rate

the number of beats per minute

cardiac output

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

Cardiac output equation

heart rate x stroke volume

What happens to hr, stroke volume, cardiac output during exercise?

They increase

tidal volume

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath

frequency (respiratory system)

the number of breaths taken per minute

minute ventilation

the amount of air inhaled and exhales per minute

vital capacity

the maximum amount of exhaled air following a maximum inhalation

Short term effects of exercise

Increased body temperature, increased breathing rate, increased heart rate, increase cardiac output

Why is Oxygen required after exercise

To repay oxygen debt

Long-term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system

Joint flexibility(Tendons and ligaments become stronger), muscle hypertrophy, bone density, muscular endurance

Capilliarisation

The development of blood capillaries in the body which increases through long term effects of exercise

Long-term effects of exercise on the heart

Lower resting heart rate, hyper Trophy of the heart, cardiovascular endurance

Long-term effects of exercise on the vascular system

Lower blood pressure, more red blood cells, Capilliarisation

Long-term effects of exercise on the respiratory system

More alveoli, stronger diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, increased lung capacity

lever

a rigid bar or object that moves around a fixed fulcrum

fulcrum

a fixed pivot point, a joint in the body

effort

the source of energy, the muscle in the body

load

the weight/resistance to be moved

load arm

the distance from the load to the fulcrum

effort arm

the distance from the effort to the fulcrum

example of 1st class lever

Triceps dip

example of second class lever

Plantar flexion of the ankle e.g. sprinter exploding of blocks (wheelbarrow)

example of third class lever

bicep curl

(Levers) 123...

FLE

mechanical advantage

when a levers effort arm is longer than its load arm. load can be moved with a relatively small amount of effort (2nd class lever)

Which types of levers have a mechanical advantage smaller than 1

First class and third class

Which of the leavers operate a mechanical advantage

Second-class

mechanical disadvantage

when a levers load arm is longer than its effort arm. it has low load force to effort ratio

Consequences of a long load/resistance arm

Quick movement, large range of motion

Consequences of a short resistance/load arm

Small range of motion, ability to support a heavy weight

plane

an imaginary line dividing the body in two

axis

an imaginary line around which a body part or body can turn

frontal plane

dividing the body vertically from front to back

sagittal plane

dividing the body vertically from side to side

transverse plane

dividing the body horizontally separating top and bottom.

frontal axis

passing through the body from left to right allowing flexion and extension

sagittal axis

passing through the body from front to back allowing abduction and adduction (stab)

vertical axis

passing vertically through the body allowing rotation, from top to bottom (head to toe)

health

a state of complete physical, social and emotional well being and not merely in the absence of disease or infirmity