CPUSH REAL FINAL

FDR & The New Deal

FDR's plan for Relief, Recovery, and Reform during the Great Depression

Relief

Providing jobs and support for the unemployed and farmers

Recovery

Efforts to revive and stabilize the economy

Reform

Implementing changes to prevent a recurrence of the Great Depression

Liberal Criticism

Criticism from figures like Huey Long, Fr. Charles E. Coughlin, Dr. Francis E. Townsend

New Deal Programs

Initiatives like AAA, NIRA, FDIC, WPA to address the economic crisis

Moderate Legislation Acts

Acts like Revenue Act, Banking Act, Social Security Act of 1935

New Deal Decline

Factors like court packing, party purge failures, and the 1937 Recession reaction

Fascism

Rise of authoritarian nationalism, a response to economic turmoil

The Great depression causes

Overproduction, Wealth gap, credit issues, economic policy issues, Smoot-Hawley tariff

WWII

A war fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Axis powers — Germany, Italy, and Japan — and the Allies, including France and Britain, and later the Soviet Union and the United States.

US Neutrality in WWII (1939-1941)

During the first two years of the war, the United States stayed officially neutral (America First) while Germany overran France and most of Europe and pounded Britain from the air (the Battle of Britain).

FDR Four Freedoms Speech

Military aid to Great Britain & Soviet Union, to protect world from Axis powers. Four essential freedoms for world, not just America, 1st- freedom of speech & expression, 2nd- freedom of religion (freedom of conscious), 3rd- freedom from want- healthy peacetime life. 4th- freedom from fear- no nation commit act of aggression against another.

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Reasons for Pearl Harbor

Response to economic sanctions against them and strategic advantage to the islands

Japanese goal of Pearl Harbor

destruction of the U.S fleet.

Enlistment in WWII

over 1 million soldiers enlist for WWII

Double V Campaign

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

War efforts on the home front

Gardens, rationing, donating, and helping in the workforce

GI Bill

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

Eurpean Theater (WWII)

First part of WWII (Conflict with Germany)

Battle of the Atlantic

Germany's naval attempt to cut off British supply ships by using u-boats. Caused Britain and the US to officially join the war after their ships were sunk. After this battle, the Allies won control of the seas, allowing them to control supply transfer, which ultimately determined the war. 1939-1945

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd.

D-day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Pacific Theater

War on the Pacific between the Japanese and the allies.

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

Island-hopping

.....................................A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Leapfrogging

The situation in which less developed countries use newer technology without first using the precursor technology.

Iwo Jima

a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)

Okinawa

Site of important battle near Japanese mainland; last battle before atomic bombs; Allies won

Atomic Bomb

a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (splitting the nuclei of a heavy element like uranium 235 or plutonium 239)

General Douglass Mcarthur

American general in command of defense of the Philippines; later became the supreme commander of all U.S. and Allied forces in the Pacific

V-J Day

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945

Big Three

allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

Yalta+Potsdam Conference

Post war conferences that decided what the world would look like making U.S and the USSR the two most powerful countries

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

U.N

United Nations

UN Charter

The founding document of the United Nations; it is based on the principles that states are equal, have sovereignty over their own affairs, enjoy independence and territorial integrity, and must fulfill international obligations. The Charter also lays out the structure and methods of the UN.

Communism vs. Capitalism

In Communism, the community or society solely owns the resources or the means of production. On the other hand, in capitalism, the resources or the means of production lies with a private owner.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Containment Policy

US policy to stop expansion of Soviet Union and Communism

George Kennan

He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Berlin Crisis

Soviets tried to remove the Allies from Berlin by cutting off access to the city

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Communists vs. Nationalists

Mao Zedong helped to organized the Chinese Communist Party in 1920s

wanted to get the rural farmers their rights and equality

used guerilla warfare against the Nationalists (that fled to Taiwan; led by Sun Yixian)

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Second Red Scare

caused by rise of "Red China" and the Shocks of 1949; Origins from formation of HUAC who made accusations about "subversives" (traitors/Communists) in government. Included FELP, blacklist, Alger Hiss Case, Rosenberg Case, and Joe McCarthy (rise of McCarthyism); deportations; escalated by Korean War

Brinkmanship

A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression.

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Election of 1960

Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

Cold War Foreign Policy

containment to help stop the spread of communism

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Rise of Fidel Castro

replaced a dictator, but soon started nationalizing land, eventually communist.

La Brigada

Cuban exiles who were secretly trained and armed by the CIA

Operation Mongoose

A CIA operation backed by President Kennedy in 1961 that used covert operation against President Fidel Castro's government in Cuba in efforts to overthrow the communist government in Cuba.

The Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

U2 Incident

the downing of a U.S. spy plane and capture of its pilot by the Soviet Union in 1960

13 day standoff between the US and Soviet Union

Cuban Missile Crisis

Kennedy Naval Blockade

named a quarantine due to it being an act of war

Impact of Cuban Missile Crisis

The relationship between Castro and Khrushchev has changed.

Cuba has been weakened.

A direct line between the White House and the Kremlin was made.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Southeast Asia colonial history

previously owned by the french and was kicked out my the Vietminh

Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh

Communist national group that proclaimed the independent republic of Vietnam

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Dien Bien Phu

A town of northwest Vietnam near the Laos border. The French military base here fell to Vietminh troops on May 7, 1954, after a 56-day siege, leading to the end of France's involvement in Indochina.

Geneva Conference

A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.

North Vs South Vietnam

North vietnam became a communist dictatorship led bu Ho chi minh. Capital was Hannoi. South vietnam had a western style government which was "Democratic" led by Ngo Dinh Diem. Saigoin was the capital.

Eisenhower's Vietnam Policy

Rejected commitment of American troops or use of nuclear weapons

Kennedy's Vietnam Policy

had "advisers" there to train the South Vietnamese to fight communism; possibly was planning to pull the u.s. out of Vietnam at the time he was killed

Johnson's Vietnam Policy

he expanded the nations role in Vietnam

Believed in a communist takeover of south Vietnam would be disastrous

Nixon's Vietnam Policy

Included Vietnamization, invading Cambodia, and negotiation with China and the Soviet Union to put pressure on North Vietnam.

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Laos and Cambodia

the two neutral countries Ho Chi Minh trailed through to get supplies from the NV to the VC

Hi Chi Minh Trail

A network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam

Guerilla Warfare

type of fighting in which soldiers use swift hit-and-run attacks against the enemy

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

US Military Draft

Used in Vietnam and WWII to have enough man power to fight the wars. The draft was forced, not based on volunteers

Hawks vs. Doves

Popularly, "hawks" are those who advocate an aggressive foreign policy based on strong military power. "Doves" try to resolve international conflicts without the threat of force.

My Lai Massacre

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

group of mostly African American ministers who worked to fight injustice through nonviolence

Sit-ins

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation