Honors Biology, All Concepts (1-3), Unit 2 Test

Heart

A hollow, muscular organ made of 4 primary sections (left & right atrium, and left & right ventricle), that pumps blood throughout the body.

Arrythmia

An irregular heartbeat.

Circulatory System

This system works as the transportation highway for the body. It consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It transports substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the body (aka cardiovascular system).

Urinary System

The organs of this system include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Regulates water levels, blood ion levels, and blood volume. Also removes waste products from the body.

Right side of the Heart

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Left side of the Heart

Revieces fully oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins. This blood is then sent to all organs of the body.

Pulmonary Circut

Transports blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. Then oxygenates that blood and sends it to the left ventricle.

Systemic Circut

Transport oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all organs in the body.

Arteries

Part of the circulatory system that carries nutrient and oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body.

Veins

Part of the circulatory system that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Capillaries

Microscopic vessels through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body, connect arteries and veins.

Altherosclerosis

A buildup of plaque on the inside of arteries, narrowing them, and making it more difficult for blood to flow through. Often a cause of blood clots and heart disease, both of which can lead to a heart attack or stroke.

Heart Attack

A condition in which blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing heart cells to die.

Bradycardia

An abnormally slow heart, which is typically defined as a resting rate less than 60 bpm.

Tacchycardia

An abnormally rapid heart rate, which usually defined as a resting rate of more than 100 bpm.

Valves (Heart)

Biological components of the circulatory system that permit the flow of blood in one direction only.

Stenosis of valves

Occurs when the valve doesn't open enough to let blood flow through.

Regurgitation of valves

Occurs when the heart valves don't close properly, and blood can leak through.

Alveoil

The many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. When deoxygenated blood passes nearby, oxygen from this component diffuses into the blood, while carbon dioxide is diffused out from the blood into this structure.

Ventricle

Bottom portion of the heart, thicker walled and larger.

Atrium

The two upper chambers of the heart whose function is to receive blood.

Kidney

An organ in the urinary system that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products (salt, proteins, etc. ) from the blood and passes them to the ureter.

Ureter

An organ in the urinary system which acts as a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Bladder

An elastic, hollow, muscular organ in the urinary system that provides temporary storage for urine.

Urethra

A tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body, allows urine to be discharged.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney that facilitates its filtering and other abilities.

Homeostasis

An organism's need to stay stable by regulating internal conditions

-Maintained by through regulation at the organ system level all the way down one to the cellular level.

-Maintained by the cell membrane controlling the movement of things in and out of the cell.

Concentration Gradient

The difference in the concentration of a substance.

Passive Transport

The movement of substances through the cell membrane without the input of energy.

Example:

-Simple diffusion

-Facilitated diffusion

-Osmosis

Diffusion

Form of passive transport in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Form of passive transport in which specific molecules move across cell membranes through protein channels.

Example:

-Large molecules like glucose and polar molecules like calcium.

Osmosis

Passive diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane in which water molecules move down a concentration gradient from a high water concentration to a lower one until equilibrium is reached.

Hypertonic

Has a higher concentration of solute relative to the amount of water, or had a lower percentage compared to an adjacent solution. When surrounding a cell, water will move out of the cell and into the hypertonic solution, causing the cell to shrink. (Less water)

Hypotonic

Has a lower concentration of solute relative to the amount of water, or a higher percentage of water than an adjacent solution. When surrounding a cell, the cell will take in water through its membrane and swell. (More water)

Isotonic

Describes a solution whose solute and water concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell. (Equal water)

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference.

Example:

-Molecular pumps

-Exocytosis

-Endocytosis

Molecular Pumps

Active form of transport in which a cell uses energy to pump molecules across the membrane through a protein channel. Helps to concentrate key molecules within the cell and to quickly remove waste.

Example:

-Potassium (K+), chlorine (cl+), and sodium (Na+), ions (charged particles)

Osmotic

Relating to the pressure exerted by water moving during osmosis.

Endocytosis

An active transportation process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane that uses vesicles.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells (eating).

Examples;

-Used by white blood cells to fight intruders.

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes by creating a depression in its membrane (drinking).

Examples:

-Used by kidney cells to separate nutrients from fluids.

Exocyctosis

Type of active transport - Excretes large molecules from cells

Examples:

-Secretion of neurotransmitters to send signals throughout the body.

Cholesterol (cell membrane)

Structural unit of cell membrane that keeps it from collapsing, maintains cell fluidity.

Cytoskeleton filaments

Attach the membrane to the rest of the cell.

Protein (cell membrane)

Allows large molecules to enter/exit the cell.

Phospholipid bilayer

Plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside. Has both an external and internal surface.

Glycoproteins

Membrane carbohydrates that are bonded to proteins. Like carbohydrate chains, this part of the cell membrane helps cells to recognize another cell as familiar or foreign, which is called cell-cell recognition. They also help cells attach to and bind other cells, which is called cell adhesion.

Carbohydrate chain

Substance on the plasma membrane that helps identify chemical signals from outside the cell. Helps to recognize the cell's self from others. (Cell to cell recognition)

Polar Head

Hydrophilic part of phospholipid, made of phosphates.

Non-Polar Tail

Hydrophobic part of phospholipid, made of fatty acids.

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

Concentration

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent.

Hydrophobic

Having an aversion to water; tending to not mix with.

Hydrophilic

Having an affinity for water, tending to mix with.

Cytolysis

This happens when a cell swells until pressure bursts it, resulting in cell death.

Simple diffusion

Form of passive transportation that doesn't involve direct energy input or assistance by carrier proteins and moves from high concentration to low concentration.

Examples:

-O2, and other small, non-polar molecules.

Cell Membrane

A cell organelle that is also called a plasma membrane. Is a selectively permeable surface that regulates much of homeostasis. Small, non-polar, hydrophobic molecules and water can pass through easily, while polar molecules must go through proteins, and large molecules have to use other methods. Found in both Pro- and Eukaryotic cells.

Cell Theory

A fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells (1); that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things (2); and that new cells are produced from existing cells (3).

Unicellular Organism

Organisms composed of only one cell (Ex. Bacteria).

Multicellular Organism

Organisms that are made up of many cells (Ex. Plants). Cells-tissues-organs-organ systems.

Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, uses binary fission, is unicellular, and has cell walls; found only in Bacteria and Archaea.

Eukaryotic cells

Either uni- or multicellular, complex, with a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and cell walls in fungi and plants, uses mitosis; found only in Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists.

Nucleus

A cell organelle that contains DNA (genetic material) and is surrounded by a nuclear membrane that controls what comes in and out. Stores DNA and controls the function of the cell. Only in Eukaryotic cells.

Nucleolus

A cell organelle that is a dense area within the nucleus that makes ribosomes. Only in Eukaryotic cells.

Mitochondria

A cell organelle made of two parts: an inner membrane and a matrix (fluid portion). The part of the cell where cellular respiration happens, breaks down food and releases the energy as ATP, and is the powerhouse of the cell. Only in Eukaryotic cells.

Vesicles

Small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell. Only found in Eukaryotic cells.

Lysosomes

A cell organelle that contains enzymes in its structure, breaks down dead material into base components (food, bacteria, old parts of cells, etc). Can also do a programmed cell death (apoptosis). Only in Eukaryotic cells.

Chloroplast

A cell organelle composed of two parts, the grana (stacks) and stroma (fluid). Facilitates process of photosynthesis, and converts energy from sun into energy in sugar. Only found in plants.

Ribosomes

A cell organelle made of proteins and rRNA, and is located on the Rough ER and floating in cytoplasm. Its function is to assemble proteins. Found in both Pro- and Eukaryotic cells.

Protein Functions Examples

Structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances.

Vacuoles

A cell organelle that is small and numerous in animal cells, but large and singular in plant cells. Acts as a storage unit for water, nutrients, waste, and other things. Only found in Eukaryotic cells.

Cilia

A cell organelle found on the exterior that is short and numerous and acts as an hair-like component to help move the cell. Only found in Eukaryotic animal cells. (#1 in picture)

Cell Wall

Either uni- or multicellular, complex, with a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and cell walls in fungi and plants, uses mitosis; found only in Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists.

Flagella

A cell organelle shaped like a long, whip-like tail that helps to move the cell. Only found in Prokaryotic bacteria. (#1 in picture)

Cytoplasm

A cellular substance that is jelly-like and mostly made up of water. Holds all other organelles and components in place and provides a solution for chemical reactions to take place. Found in both Pro- and Eukaryotic cells.

Golgi Apparatus

A cell organelle that are are shaped like folded, flattened membrane sacs. Receives vesicles carrying proteins from the ER, and then processes, sorts, and ships proteins where they are needed. Only found in Eukaryotic cells.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A cell organelle wrapped around the nucleus that does not have ribosomes on it. Primary function is making lipids, like steroids and hormones. Only found in Eukaryotic cells.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A cell organelle wrapped around the nucleus that has ribosomes on it. Primary function is to help make proteins. Only in Eukaryotic cells.

Centrioles and Centrosomes

A cell organelle made of micro-tubes. Appears during cell division and helps the cell divide by pulling chromosomes apart. Only found in animal cells (Eukaryotic).

DNA

Short for deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is double stranded, and the carrier of genetic information. Made or amino acids A, C, T, and G.

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages. Made of amino acids A, C, G, U.

Mitosis

Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes. Found in Eukaryotic.

Binary Fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size. Found in Prokaryotic cells.

Organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell, found in all types of cells (both Pro- and Eukaryotic).

What is the difference between a plant and animal cell?

Plant: Chloroplasts, Cell wall, Single large vacuole.

Animal: Lysosomes, Centrioles, Several small vacuoles, flagella/cilia.

Theodore Schwann (1839)

Physiologist (studied animal cells) who discovered all animals are made of cells. Worked on cell theory with Dr. Schleiden. 1800's.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)

Invented the microscope and first person to see cells.

Matthias Schleiden (1838)

The scientist who discovered that all plants are made of cells.

Rudolph Virchow (1855)

Scientist that determined that all cells come only from other cells. Disapproved of spontaneous generation of cells.

Nucleoid Reigon (bacteria)

The area containing genetic material in Prokaryotic cells (bacteria).

Robert Hooke (1665)

A scientist who studied cork and named the structures he saw "cells".

6 Unifying Principles of Biology

Evolution, homeostasis, energy matter and organization, continuity, development, ecology.

Shared Characteristics of Life

Made of cells, have DNA (genetic information, development & growth, respond to stimuli, have metabolism, use reproduction, homeostasis, adaptation, interdependency.

Diuretic

A substance that promotes the production of urine.

Anti-Diuretic

A substance that decreases the product ruin or urine.

ATP

Name for adenosine triphosphate, which is the main energy source that cells use for most of their work.

Protists

Single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom

Fungi

A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients.