Rhodes Study Material Part 2

Nervous System, TMJ and Face Muscles, Vertebral Column

31

there are ___ pairs of spinal nerves that have sensory and motor function

8

pairs of cervical spinal nerves

12

pairs of thoracic spinal nerves

5

pairs of lumbar spinal nerves 

5

pairs of sacral spinal nerves 

1

pairs of coccyx spinal nerves

lumbosacral plexus

network of nerves derived from lumbar and sacral roots with each one of them dividing into anterior and posterior branches

7

the lumbosacral plexus contains ___ periphereal nerves

obturator, femoral, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, common fibular, tibial

lumbosacral plexus breakdown

obturator (anterior)

L2, L3, L4

femoral (posterior)

L2, L3, L4

superior gluteal (posterior) 

L4, L5, S1 

inferior gluteal (posterior)

L5, S1, S2

common fibular (posterior)

L4-S2

tibial (anterior) 

L4-S3 

L2-S3

the lumbosacral plexus spans across

brachial plexus

bundle of nerves that stems from nerve roots in the cervical area of the spinal cord creating a network that connects to the nerves in the arm 

motor

the nerves of the brachial plexus control the motions on the UE and cervical spine

sensory

the brachial plexus nerves extend to the skin

C5-T1

the brachial plexus spans across

musculocutaneous nerve

C5-C7

axillary nerve 

C5 and C6 

median nerve

C5-T1

radial nerve

C5-T1

ulnar nerve 

C8-T1 

dermatomes

sensory distribution of each nerve root, area of skin supplied by a singe nerve root

mytomes

control movement, group of muscles that receive a signal fr0m a single spinal nerve root level, can determine if damage has occurred to the spinal cord and at what level the damage has occured 

12

amount of cranial nerves

olfactory

cranial nerve 1 (l)

optic

cranial nerve 2 (ll)

oculomotor

cranial nerve 3 (lll)

trochlear 

cranial nerve 4 (lV) 

trigeminal

cranial nerve 5 (V)

abducens

cranial nerve 6 (Vl)

facial 

cranial nerve 7 (Vll) 

vestibulocochlear

cranial nerve 8 (Vlll)

glossopharyngeal

cranial nerve 9 (IX)

vagus

cranial nerve 10 (X)

accessory

cranial nerve 11 (XI)

hypoglossal 

cranial nerve 12 (XII) 

smell

olfactory

vision

optic

muscles of the eyes

oculomotor

turns adducted eye down 

trochlear 

sensory for face, chewing muscles 

trigeminal 

turns eyes out (abduction)

abducens

muscles of facial expressions/taste

facial

balance and hearing

vestibulocochlear

taste and swallow/gag reflex

glossopharyngeal

internal organs 

vagus 

SCM and trapezius, movement of head and shoulders

accessory

muscles/movement of the tongue

hypoglossal

anosmia

damage to the olfactory nerve results in

vision loss

damage to the optic nerve results in

ptosis (dropping eyelid) 

damage to the oculomotor nerve results in 

diplopia

damage to the trochlear nerve results in

loss of facial sensation, weakness of the chewing muscles

damage to the trigeminal nerve results in

abductor paralysis of ipsilateral eye

damage to the abducens nerve results in

ipsilateral facial paralysis (Bell’s Palsy)

damage to the facial nerve results in

vertigo, nystagmus, tinnitus, loss of hearing 

damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve results in

slight dysphagia

damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve results in

palpitations, tachycardia, slowing or respiration

damage to the vagus nerve results in

weakness in shrugging ipsilateral shoulder, turning head to opposite side

damage to the accessory nerve results in

unilateral paralysis of the tongue 

damage to the hypoglossal nerve results in 

spina bifida

when the spinal column does not close completely, leaving an opening that can damage spinal cord and nerves 

occulta

when one or more vertebra does not close correctly during pregnancy, spinal cord remains inside and is covered by spin, unfused vertebral arch 

meningocele

sac of spinal fluid protrudes through opening in spine, sac does not contain nerves of spinal cord, dura and archnoid matter protrude through vertebral arch and spinal cord remains in right spot 

myelomeningocele

sac contains portion of spinal cord and/or nerves can be exposed, menigies and spinal cord protrude through vertebral arch, neurological defects

hydrocephalus

build up of CSF in brain’s ventricles, excess pressure and brain injuries

cerebral palsy

group of conditions that affect movement, posture, and coordination due to non-progressive brain damage 

ALS or Lou Gehrig’s Disease

progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons, causing muscle weakness and eventual paralysis 

alzheimer disease

progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills

multiple sclerosis

chronic autoimmune disease affecting central nervous system, immune system attacks protective mylein sheath and nerve fibers, disrupts communication between brain and body 

myasthenia gravis 

chronic autoimmune disorder causing muscle weakness that worseness with activity and improves with rest, immune system attacks neuromuscularjunction 

muscular dystrophy

genetic diseases that that cause progressive muscle weakness and loss of muscle mass over time 

neuropathy

type of nerve damage that causes range of symptoms

bells palsy

causes sudden temporary weakness or paralysis on one side of face, inflammation of facial nerve 

thoracic outlet syndrome

nerves or blood vessels are compressed between collarbone and first rib

sciatica

nerve pain caused by pressure on sciata nerve, leading to pain, numbness, and tingling

foot drop

inability to lift the front part of the foot causing it to drag

neuroma

bengin growth or thickening of nerve tissue

modified hinge, synovial joint

TMJ is a

manfibular fossa of the temporal bone, condyle of the mandible 

articulating surfaces of the TMJ 

jont motions of the TMJ

mandibular depression (opening the mouth)

mandibular elevation (closing the mouth)

protrusion (jut jaw out)

retraction (returning the jaw back to anatomical position)

lateral deviation (side to side movement)

mandible

lower jaw

maxilla

upper jaw bone

zygomatic 

check bone 

mandible

insertion of the temporalis

elevation and retraction

action of the temporalis

CN V (5)

nerve inervation of the temporalis

mandible

insertion of the masseter

elevation and ipsilateral deviation

action of the masseter

CN V (5)

nerve inervation fo the masseter

mandible

insertion of the medial pterygoid

elevation, protraction, contralateral deviation 

action of the medial pterygoid 

CN V (5)

nerve innervation of the medial pterygoid

mandible

insertion of the lateral pterygoid

depression protraction, contralateral deviation

action of the lateral pterygoid

CN V (5)

nerve innervation of the lateral pterygoid