AP Biology Unit 3 - Cellular Energetics

Flashcards covering key concepts from AP Biology Unit 3 focused on cellular energetics, enzyme functions, and photosynthesis.

An enzyme is a __ that speeds up a reaction without being consumed.

protein catalyst

A __ is a chain of amino acids connected by peptide bonds.

polypeptide

An enzyme is a __ that speeds up a reaction without being consumed.

protein catalyst

A __ is a chain of amino acids connected by peptide bonds.

polypeptide

The __ structure refers to the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein.

primary

The __ structure is characterized by the localized folding of the polypeptide backbone due to hydrogen bonds.

secondary

An __ result occurs when a protein unravels and loses its shape, becoming inactive.

denaturation

The __ model describes how the active site of an enzyme changes shape to favor the substrate.

induced-fit

__ are minerals that assist in enzyme function.

Cofactors

The process of enzyme activity control by the end product of a metabolic pathway is called __.

feedback inhibition

When a non-reactant molecule competes with a substrate for access to the active site, it is known as __ inhibition.

competitive

The __ cycle in plants makes sugar from carbon dioxide, H+ ions, and high-energy electrons.

Calvin

__ is an important energy molecule for multiple reactions in cellular metabolism.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A __ is an organism that obtains energy from sources outside of itself.

heterotroph

The reactions of photosynthesis that do not require light energy are known as __ reactions.

light independent

In cellular respiration, the opposite process of photosynthesis, energy is released by breaking down __ in the presence of O2.

glucose

Define __: a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions.

Electron transport chain

The __ is a large protein that binds ADP and a phosphate group resulting in ATP.

ATP Synthase

In photosynthesis, __ is an electron acceptor that is reduced and used to fuel the Calvin cycle.

NADP+

The __ is the inner tissue of a leaf that contains many chloroplasts.

Mesophyll

In photosystem II, the chlorophyll known as __ is involved first during the light-dependent reactions.

p680