IBC Final

atomic orbital

the three-dimensional region of space that indicates where there is a high probability of finding an electron.

electron cloud

area surrounding the nucleus of an atom where electrons are likely to be.

quantum mechanical model

the modern description of the behavior of electrons in atoms

wave function

a solution to the Schrodinger wave equation

energy level

fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons may be found

ground state

The lowest energy state of an atom

electron configuration

the arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom

aufbau principle

an electron occupies orbitals in order from lowest energy to highest.

pauli exclusion principle

no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.

hund's rule

orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron and that each of the single electrons must have the same spin

orbital filling diagram

visual way to represent the arrangement of all the electrons in a particular atom

noble gas configuration

the elemental symbol of the last noble gas prior to that atom, followed by the configuration of the remaining electrons

valence electron

the electrons in the outer energy level of an atom that can participate in interactions with other atoms

electromagnetic waves

waves that consist of vibrating electric and magnetic fields

electromagnetic spectrum

the full range of electromagnetic radiation

electromagnetic radiation

energy that travels in waves across space as well as through matter

transverse wave

a wave in which particles of the medium vibrate at right angles, or perpendicular, to the direction that the wave travels

wave amplitude

the maximum distance the particles of the medium move from their resting positions when a wave passes through

wave length

the length from one crest to another

wave frequency

number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time

crest

high points of a transverse wave

trough

low points of a transverse wave

wave-particle theory

theory that defines how electromagnetic radiation can be both a wave and a particle

photon

energy that is released when an electron moves to a lower energy level

quantum

the minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom

group

A column on the periodic table

period

horizontal row in the periodic table

periodic table

the arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic numbers so that elements with similar properties appear in the same vertical column or group.

periodic law

When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical and physical properties

metals

elements that can conduct electricity

non metals

elements that cannot conduct electricity

metalloids

elements that have properties of both metals and non metals

alkali metals

group 1 elements, 1 valence electron, highly reactive

alkaline earth metals

group 2 elements, 2 valence electrons, reactive

transition metals

groups 3-12

halogens

group 17, 7 valence electrons, highly reactive

noble gases

group 18, 8 valence electrons, non reactive

electron shielding

Outer electrons are partially shielded from the attractive force of the protons in the nucleus by inner electrons.

inner core electrons

electrons closest to the nucleus

atomic radius

the size of an atom

ions

positively and negatively charged atoms

ionization energy

the amount of energy required to make an atom an ion

ionic radius

Distance from the center of an ion's nucleus to its outermost electron

electronegativity

the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound

chemical bond

force of attraction between atoms or ions

compound

a unique substance that forms when two or more elements combine chemically

chemical formula

A combination of chemical symbols and numbers to represent a substance

ionic bond

force of attraction that holds together positive and negative ions

ionic compound

compound in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another

crystal

a solid in which the atoms are arranged in a pattern that repeats again and again

covalent bond

force of attraction that holds together two atoms that share a pair of valence electrons

polarity

the difference in electrical charge between different parts of the same molecule.

polar molecule

a molecule in which the electrons are not shared equally between atoms, so that one atom has a slightly positive charge and one has a slightly negative charge

hydrogen bond

when the positively charged hydrogen side of one water molecule is attracted to the negatively charged oxygen side of a nearby water molecule

non polar

not having oppositely charged ends, as in nonpolar covalent bond or nonpolar covalent compound.

solute

the substance that is dissolved in a solution

solvent

that substance that dissolves a solution

acids

ionic compounds that produce positive hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

bases

ionic compounds that produce negative hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

pH

the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution

polymer

a long molecule consisting of smaller molecules joined together by covalent bonds.

monomer

the small molecules which are combined over and over to make up a polymer.

hydrocarbon

compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen

saturated hydrocarbon

hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms

unsaturated hydrocarbon

contain at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms

biochemical compound

any carbon-based compound that is found in living things

carbohydrate

a biochemical compound that contains oxygen in addition to carbon and hydrogen.

lipids

a biochemical compound that contains oxygen in addition to carbon and hydrogen and is made up of long carbon chains called fatty acids.

nucleic acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, and is made of of nucleotides.

nucleotide

nucleotides are units that makeup DNA. The nucleotide consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.

DNA

stores genetic information in the cells of all living things

RNA

copies and interprets the code in DNA

protein

a protein is an organic compound made up of small molecules called amino acids(contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen).

amino acid

Building blocks of protein

activation energy

the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

biochemical reaction

chemical reaction that occurs inside the cells of living things

metabolism

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

catabolic

A process in which large molecules are broken down

anabolic

A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules