PSYCH LEARN EXAM 4

a behavior is triggered by the presence or absence of some stimuli

a behavior is triggered by the presence or absence of some stimuli

stimulus control

stimulus control is triggered by

presence or absence of some stimuli

in modern research, stimulus control is called

animal cognition

the study of cognitive processes in animals

Animal Cognition

G Alan Marlatt and Colleagues

Drug Abusers

The RP model proposed by Marlatt and Gordon suggest that

both immediate determinants and covert antecedents can contribute to relapse.

Global strategies comprise balancing the client’s lifestyle and helping the addict to

employing stimulus control techniques

Bond and Kamil Study( 1998, 2002, 2006)

Stimulus control processes can affect BOTH predator and its prey

moths that were different from their neighbors were more likely to survive than moths that were not that different

Virtual Evolution

refers to a set of things ( objects, ideas, events) that are grouped together

Categorization

the ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli

Discrimination

one reason the pigeon is a popular subjects is because

their eyesight is very good

Trees, Water, and Margaret: Hernstein, Loveland, and Cable( 1976)

- Birds learned to discriminate tree slides from other slides after many trainings

-birds learned to categorize pictures( if they had trees or if they didn’t)

-birds responded well to new pictures they hadn’t see before

the mental and intellectual process through which objects and ideas are sorted and classified, recognized, and understood

Categorization

Hernstein and Loveland( 1964)

pigeons could discriminate pictures containing people from pictures that did not

Ed Wasserman experiment

pigeons learned to discriminate between four categories at the same time

Vaugh and Green experiment

pigeons can remember 320 difference photographs

Cook et. Al.

pigeons have the capacity to remember over 800 photographs

Three Approaches to Categorization

1. Feature Theory

2. Prototype Theory

3. Exemplar Theory

an approach to categorization which assumes that organisms associate the many features of category exemplars with reinforcers( or category labels) and then reposed to new items according to the combined associative strength of their features

Feature Theory

an approach to categorization which assumes that animals and humans learn what is typical or average for a category and then respond to new examples

PROTOTYPE THEORY

representation of what is typical or average for a particular category

Prototype

an approach to categorization which assumes that organisms store representations of a large number of individual members of a category and then respond to new items depending on how similar they are to the items they were presented before

EXEMPLAR THEORY

this approach is successful in human learning, but not so much for animals

exemplar theory

the tendency for behavior to occur in situations different from the one in which the behavior was learned

Generalization

Thorndike Puzzle Box

-Generalization example

-Cat put in box and leans to claw its way out

-Any reaction to totally new phenomenon, when first experienced, will be called instinctive

Gutman and Kalish

-Generalization example

-pigeon receives food when pecking a yellow disk even though no food is given

Learned behavior is most likely to appear in situations that

closely resemble the training situation

The more similar a new stimulus is to the training stimulus

the more likely the participant is to behave as thought it were the training stimulus

responding to a new stimulus depends on its similarity to a stimulus that has already been reinforced

Stimulus Generalization Gradient

suggest that generalization gradient can influence the results of discrimination training

Peak shift phenomenon

Influences on the Generalization gradian Curve

1. shape of gradient affected by learning

2. inhibition

3. peak shift

the tendency for behavior to occur in situations that closely resemble the one in which the behavior was learned but not in situations that differ from it

discrimination

relatively flat generalization gradient

indicates little or no discrimination

steep generalization gradient

indicates considerable discrimination

Pavlov’s Theory

psychological

Spence’s Theory

Excitatory and Inhibitory Gradient

Lashley-Wade Theory

depend on prior experience with stimuli similar to those used in testing

occurs when behavior comes under the operant control of one stimulus when it is in the presence or context of another stimulus

conditional discrimination

experienced dependent enhancement of our ability to make sense of what we see, hear, feel, taste, or smell

perceptual learning

the ability to interpret the surrounding environment using light in the visible spectrum reflected by the objects in the environment

visual perception

Discrimination and generalization processes are

always interacting

Theories of associative learning that emphasize inhibition, excitation, and generalization go to a surprising distance in explaining

Stimulus Control Phenomena

Primitive components called

geons(geometric ions)

the simple 2D or 3D forms such as cylinders, cones, bricks, wedges, circles, and rectangles corresponding to the simple parts of an object

geons

geons theory proposes that the visual input is matched abasing structural representations of objects in the

brain

a mathematical measure of the inconsistency contained in the display

Entropy

two people talking to you at the same time; we switch out our attention back and forth

Divided Attention

method used to study working memory in pigeons

Radial Maze

Radial Maze was developed by

David Olton

ones memory of behavior procedures( how to do things)

Procedural Memory

words, facts, etc.

Sematic Memory

your personal memories

Episodic Memory

Behavior is very

sensitive to time

regardless of the interval that is being timed, on a given task the probability of responding is related to the proportion of the time into the interval

Scarlar Property

if I know where something is, I can know where to look for it

dead recocking

can see the goal in the distance

beacons

ones ability to monitor and report on their own cognitions

METACOGNITION

Rhesus Monkey know when they remember Hampton experiment

suggested that monkeys were able to monitor their memory and accept or decline the test in a way that improved their chances of reward

Instructional Strategies  for Metacognition

1. develop PLAN before learning task

2. MONITOR understanding

3. EVALUATE thinking after finishing task

Behavior is

1. Goal oriented

2. Organized around achieved desired outcomes

There are two formal properties of behavior

1. Behavior is a variable

2. Persistence is another property of behavior

behavior being a variable and persistence being another form of behavior are common features of instrumental action and they both suggest that

behavior is motivated

Toleman’s view on reinforcers

not really necessary for learning, instead they’re essential for motivating behavior and giving behavior a purpose

Coleman separated

learning from performance

difference between learning and performance according to Coleman

Learning is a continuous process

Performance is tangible and measurable

motivation is the element that often translates knowledge to

action

Experiments suggest that humans and other animals that were deprived of specific nutrients had __ that motivated them to eat more of these mussing nutrients

specific hungers

Homeostasis: Clark Hull

Drive(D), the major motivator, multiplied by Habit(H) produces behavior produces behavior strength

Behavior strength formula (Hull)

Drive(D) x Habit(H)

Drive do three things

1. Consummatory behavior like eating/drinking

2. Generate activity

3. Goal directed action

actions that are performed for their consequences or outcomes, whether these are access to valuable resources or avoidance of aversive events

instrumental actions

Depletion repletion theory according to Hull

motivated behavior is organized in anticipation rather than in repose to need

Motivational states do affect __ but their effects are more subtle and interesting than Hull imagined

instrumental behavior

animals in need of food/water will perform behaviors to correct the deficit

depletion repletion

seems to anticipate rather then respond to need

motivated behavior

you advertise for one thing then substitute it for something inferior

bait and switch routine

acquired through experience unlike the motivation thought to be provided by drive and needs

acquired motivation

Reward shifts can have what kind of effects

emotional effect on behavior

Incentive is __ and motivation is __

external

internal

behavior is a function of learning( habit) and need (drive), and is dependent on the motivating effect( incentive of the reward-K)

incentive motivation

Motivating effects of reward are attributed to a mechanism based on

classical conditioning

occurs when an animals expects a big reward, but then receives a small reward

frustration

The size of the frustration reaction is determined by

size of the discrepancy b/t reward expected and the reward obtained

Partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE)

1. One group is continuously reinforced

2. One group is reinforced 50% of the time

teach your children to persevere in face of adversity( Amsel 1992)

Practical Application

We now know quite a bit about  how to slow down extinction and thus maintain persistence in behavior by using

partial reinforcement techniques

psychological phenomenon that occurs when a conditioned stimuli(CS) that has been associated with rewarding or averse stimuli via CC alters motivation and instrumental behavior

Pavlovian instrumental transfer theory(PIT)

Outcome Specific in PIT- CS is paired with

same reward

General Outcome in PIT : CS is paired with

different reward

suggest that we’ll be motivated to seek food when we encounter cues associated with food(packaging), commercial, or restaurant

general PIT

suggests that cues for specific food (Cane’s) will enhance our tendency to seek and choose that food, even when we do not really need it

Outcome Specific PIT

probably the mechanism that underlies the effects of advertisement

PIT

The CS acquires the power to engage a whole set or

system of responses

Operant process theory(three things)

-Fear then relief

-thrill sadness

-repeated exposure to rewards or punishers can cause a profound change in their motivational consequences

theory suggesting that any emotional reaction is followed automatically by an opposite reaction and repeated exposure to a stimulus causes the initial reaction to weaken and the opponent process, or opposite reaction, to strengthen

opponent process theory

The opponent process approach emphasizes

withdrawal-like effects are the motivational basis for addictive behavior

Need states do not automatically energize instrument action; instead the organism must learn about the effect that an outcome has on the need state

incentive learning

1. Eating and drinking actually occurs in __ rather than in response to need

anticipation of

term ‘coined’ by the author of our textbook( Mark E. Bouton)

Synthetic approach to instrumental learning