Chapter 35

Pituitary Gland

The master endocrine gland that produces hormones affecting growth and metabolism.

Thyroid Gland

Gland that secretes hormones involved in regulating metabolism, growth, and development.

Parathyroid Glands

Glands that produce parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels in the blood.

Adrenal Glands

Glands that produce hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, involved in stress response and metabolism.

Pancreas

Organ that contains beta cells that secrete insulin, regulating blood glucose levels.

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps cells absorb glucose for energy.

Oxytocin

Hormone produced by the posterior pituitary associated with childbirth and lactation.

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

Hormone that helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling kidney reabsorption.

Epinephrine

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that increases heart rate and blood glucose in response to stress.

Cortisol

A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that helps regulate metabolism and stress response.

Goiter

An abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, often due to iodine deficiency.

Hypersecretion

The excessive production of hormones, which can lead to various disorders.

Hyposecretion

The insufficient production of hormones, resulting in metabolic problems.

Metabolism

The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms, including catabolism and anabolism.

Hormone

Chemical messengers that regulate various functions in the body through the bloodstream.

Aging Effects on Endocrine System

As people age, endocrine glands may shrink and hormone levels may decrease, affecting metabolism and stress response.

Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis

Diagnosis often involves measuring random blood glucose levels or fasting glucose levels.

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates follicle development in ovaries and spermatogenesis in testes.

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that triggers ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.

Thymus

A gland located behind the sternum that produces thymosin, essential for T cell development.

Adipose Tissue

A connective tissue that stores energy in the form of fat and regulates hormonal functions.

Gonads

Sex glands (ovaries in females and testes in males) that produce hormones related to reproduction.

Testosterone

The primary male sex hormone that plays a key role in male development and reproductive function.

Estrogen

A primary female sex hormone important for regulating the menstrual cycle and reproductive system.

Progesterone

A hormone involved in regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining early stages of pregnancy.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness, involved in mood regulation.

Catecholamines

Hormones (such as adrenaline and norepinephrine) produced by adrenal glands in response to stress.

Insulin Resistance

A condition where cells in the body become less responsive to insulin, often leading to type 2 diabetes.

Calcitonin

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.