psych midterm fall 2023

Ryan notices that a lot of people he sees avoid making eye contact while they walk by him on their cell phones. He develops a tentative explanation that people are too focused on their conversation to be distracted by an outside passerby. Ryan’s observation is an example of a

a. pseudoscience.
b. experiment.
c. hypothesis.
d. theory.

c. hypothesis.

The focus on how mental activities help a person adapt to his or her environment is known as

a. functionalism.
b. psychoanalysis.
c. Structuralism.
d. phrenology

a. functionalism.

The rational and reasonable part of personality is known as the

a. ego
b. superego
c. Oedipus complex
d. Id

a. ego

________ psychologist Kurt Koffka is known for saying “the whole is other than the sum of its
parts.”

a. Behaviorist
b. Psychoanalytical
c. Gestalt
d. Structuralist

c. Gestalt

Pavlov is to ________ and B.F. Skinner is to ________.

a. operant conditioning; the subconscious
b. humanism; behaviorism
c. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
d. operant conditioning; classical conditioning

c. classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Proponents of the early school of ________ psychology argue that our thoughts, feelings, and motives are important in understanding human behavior and that more than just observable actions should be studied.

a. behaviorism
b. psychoanalytical
c. positive psychology
d. cognitive

d. cognitive

Susanna’s parents give her an allowance every day that her bed is made and her room is picked up. Her parents are utilizing principles of

a. humanism.
b. operant conditioning.
c. classical conditioning.
d. psychodynamic psychology

b. operant conditioning

Which school of thought emphasized the development of a healthy and effectively-functioning
person?

a. behaviorist psychology
b. cognitive psychology
c. psychodynamic psychology
d. humanistic psychology

d. humanistic psychology

Which questions would a biopsychologist most likely address when studying depression?

a. Does depression manifest differently in different social groups?
b. Does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system and hormones to either cause or prevent depression?
c. To what extent does depression affect one’s thinking, memory and language abilities?
d. When does depression usually develop in a person? What are the various stages (represented by the changes in behavior) of the illness?

b. Does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system and hormones to either cause or prevent depression?

If Marco is interested in changes in reasoning and thinking that occur during adolescence, he should specialize in ________ psychology.

a. developmental
b. personality
c. social
d. cognitive

a. developmental

Which area of psychology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior?

a. cognitive psychology
b. clinical psychology
c. social psychology
d. evolutionary psychology

b. clinical psychology

As a sprinter on the track and field team, Shaun knows that the way he visualizes and thinks about his race can have a major impact on his performance. His coach encourages him to talk to the

a. health psychologist.
b. clinical psychologist.
c. forensic psychologist.
d. sport psychologist.

d. sport psychologist.

Julie majored in Psychology for her undergraduate degree, then pursued a masters degree in early childhood education to become a teacher. She credits her background in psychology with helping her as a teacher as she communicates with the children, better understands their behavior, and also teaches them ________, such as making observations and judgements with skepticism.

a. cross-cultural understanding
b. critical thinking skills
c. memory skills
d. cognitive criticism

b. critical thinking skills

Which type of psychology degree focuses more on the clinical practice and less on research?

a. PsyD
b. PhD
c. master’s degree
d. associate’s degree

a. PsyD

Marquise is studying for his Biology test. He only has an hour because he has lots of other homework to get through as well. What’s the best use of Marquise’s time?

a. Rereading the chapter that the test will cover
b. Watching the online lecture again
c. Practicing by answering questions (in his homework or from the textbook)

c. Practicing by answering questions (in his homework or from the textbook)

A theory is a(n) ________. 

a. testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables 
b. set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena 
c. saying or quote passed down from one generation to the next about how people behave 
d. unchangeable rule of thumb for predicting behavior, based on previous outcomes

a. testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

Which animals are most commonly used in psychological research? 
a. monkeys 
b. insects and fruit flies 
c. dogs 
d. rodents and birds 

d. rodents and birds 

If a researcher wants to understand if eating more bananas causes increased irritability, what type of study should they perform? 

a. descriptive 
b. meta-analysis 
c. correlational 
d. experimental 

c. correlational 

If you receive a telephone call from someone asking that you explain your preferences for certain kinds of products, you are the subject of a ________. 
 
a, naturalistic observation 
b. survey 
c. case study 
d. experiment

b. survey 

 
20. If a researcher found a correlation coefficient of -.85 between amount of exercise and weight, this would indicate that the more people exercise, the ________ they weigh. 

a. same 
b. less 
c. more

b. less 

If you are studying the impact of a new type of teaching curriculum in the psychology classroom, 
the classroom where the old curriculum is still taught is considered the ________. 

a. experimental group 
b. hypothetical group 
c. control group 
d. operational group

c. control group

What measures the effects of the independent variable? 
a.confounding variable 
b. experimental variable 
c. dependent variable 
d. interdependent variable

c. dependent variable 

Chelsea wants to know if the room temperature in the testing center affects participants test scores. In this experiment, the independent variable is ________. 

a. type of room in which the participants took the test 
b. type of test 
c. test performance 
d. room temperature

d. room temperature

The pattern of variation in data is called the 
a. arithmetic mean 
b. distribution 
c. correlation 
d. standard deviation

b. distribution 

Random assignment is important in grouping participants in a research study because ________. 
 
a. it eliminates variability in the research design 
b. It is the only way to group participants 
c. it enables the data to be collected for analysis 
d. it balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants

d. it balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants

When other experimenters attempted to replicate the results of the McCabe and Castel study about the effect of an image on the perceived quality of research article, they found ________. 
 
a. similar results 
b. that the McCabe and Castel results translated only to other college-student populations 
c. that the results did not replicate 
d. that McCabe and Castel has falsely reported the results of the experiment

c. that the results did not replicate 

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________. 
a. behavioral geneticists 
b. behavioral psychologists 
c. evolutionary psychologists 
d. historical psychologists

c. evolutionary psychologists 

 
The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. 
a. behavioral genetics 
b. evolution by natural selection 
c. genetic mutation 
d. survivalism 

b. evolution by natural selection

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of 
________. 
a. chromosomes; DNA 
b. chromosomes; genes 
c. DNA; genes 
d. genes; DNA 

a. chromosomes; DNA 

Wendy’s mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is 
dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy’s 
________ must be ________ and her father’s must be Bb. 
a. genotype; Bb 
b. genotype; bb 
c. phenotype; Bb 
d. phenotype; bb

2. genotype; bb 

The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a 
neuron. 
a extracellular fluid 
b intracellular fluid 
c. membrane potential 
d. resting potential

c. membrane potential 

32. In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is 
more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside 
the cell. 
a. decrease 
b. increase 
c. increase only if potassium levels remain the same 
d. stay the same

b. increase

Hyperpolarization means that the ________. 
a. membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential 
b. membrane potential becomes more positive than the resting potential 
c. potassium gates open 
d. sodium gates open

a. membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential 

A(n) ________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neuron’s cell body down the 
axon to the axon terminals. 
a. action potential 
b. depolarization 
c. hyperpolarization 
d. threshold of excitation

a. action potential

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to 
contract. 
a. autonomic 
b. parasympathetic 
c. somatic 
d.. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. 
a. autonomic 
b. parasympathetic 
c. somatic 
d. sympathetic

c. somatic

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are 
maintained at optimal levels. 
a. homeostasis 
b. resting potential 
c. reuptake 
d. synergy 

a. homeostasis 

Which of the following is not a part sympathetic activation during the fight or flight response? 
a. adrenaline surges into the bloodstream 
b. heart rate and blood pressure increases 
c. pupils dilate 
d. digestion functions become more active

d. digestion functions become more active

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain? 
a. Broca’s area 
b. hippocampus 
c. thalamus 
d. Wernicke’s area

a. Broca’s area

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage’s 
accident, which led to brain injury? 
a. Temporal lobe injury causes people to be incapable of controlling their emotional impulses. 
b. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, but specific brain areas are not linked to specific 
behaviors. 
c. Injury to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior. 
d. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular 
behaviors. 

d. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular 
behaviors.

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most 
likely behavioral effect of his accident? 
a. blindness 
b. a loss of both his sense of taste and his sense of smell 
c. no sensation in his legs and feet 
d. Wernicke’s aphasia

c. no sensation in his legs and feet 

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________. 
a.. cognition and emotion 
b. language, such as speech 
c. motor information to body areas, such as arms, legs, and face 
d. temperature, touch, and pain

d. temperature, touch, and pain

Parsons and her colleagues are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use? 
a. computerized tomography (CT) scan 
b. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 
c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 
d. positron emission tomography (PET)

b. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following 
behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place? 
a. difficulty comprehending language 
b. difficulty producing language 
c. motor skill deficits in the left side of her body 
d. sensory deficits in the right side of her body

c. motor skill deficits in the left side of her body 

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to 
be ________. 
a.. faster; a shorter duration 
b.. faster; longer lasting 
c. slower; a shorter duration 
d. slower; longer lasting

b. faster; longer lasting 

Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads? 
a. androgens 
b. dopamine 
c. endorphins 
d. estrogens 

a. androgens 

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false? 
a. Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. 
b. Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity. 
c. Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD. 
d. Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms.

c. Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD. 

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed 
early. A psychologist would say they have different ________. 
a. chromotropes 
b. chronologies 
c. chronotypes 
d. chromatins

c. chronotypes

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are 
aligned with the outside world. 
a. circadian 
b. external 
c. melatonin 
d. diurnal 

a. circadian

Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit 
with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next 
week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________. 
a. homeostasis 
b. jet lag 
c. night terrors 
d. parasomnia

b. jet lag

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? 
a. Both our respiration and heartbeat quicken. 
b. Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down. 
c. Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down

d. Our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens.

b. Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of ________ wave activity in the brain. 
a. alpha 
b. beta 
c. delta 
d. kappa 

a. alpha 

What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed 
sleep spindles and K-complexes? 
a. 1 
b. 2 
c. 3 
d. REM

b. 2 

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. 
Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. 
a. night terrors 
b. non-REM 
c. NREM 
d. REM 

d. REM

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________. 
a. insomnia 
b. narcolepsy 
c. night terrors 
d. restless leg syndrome 

b. narcolepsy 

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn’t resist falling asleep. 
Samek may have ________. 
a. somnambulism 
b. damage to his K-complex 
c. narcolepsy 
d. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

c. narcolepsy

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS? 
a. above average birth weight 
b. hyperthermia 
c. premature birth 
d. smoking in the home

a. above average birth weight 

Mescaline is considered a(n) ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory 
and perceptual experiences. 
a. depressant 
b. hallucinogenic 
c. opioid 
d. stimulant 

b. hallucinogenic 

 Crack is regarded as more addictive than cocaine because it is ________. 
a. cheaper, so people can afford more of it 
b. easier to get, so people can take more at once 
c. frequently smoked in combination with pharmaceuticals 
d. smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

d. smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? 
a. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with 
hyperactivity. 
b. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with 
impulse control. 
c. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with 
emotions. 
d. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse 
control.

d. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with 
impulse control.

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnosis. 
a. cognitive-behavioral 
b. dissociative 
c. hypnotic mediation 
d. social-cognitive

d. social-cognitive

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available 
knowledge and expectancies? 

a. bottom-up 
b. inside-out 
c. outside-in 
d. top-down

d. top-down

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously 
experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a 
sensory receptor. 
a. Perception; transduction 
b. Perception; sensation 
c. Transduction; perception

d.Sensation; perception

b. Perception; sensation 

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? 
a. In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their 
awareness. 
b. In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. 
c. In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. 
d. Outside of laboratory settings, people have a lower absolute threshold.

a. In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their 
awareness. 

 
Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ 
theory. 
a. absolute threshold 
b. just noticeable difference 
c. Weber’s 
d. signal detection 

d. signal detection 

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to 
check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that 
many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same 
thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The 
cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination 
varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________. 
a. Merkel’s theory 
b. the law of thermoception 
c.the principle of transduction 
d. Weber’s law

d. Weber’s law

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the 
wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________. 
a. crest; trough 
b. amplitude; length 
c. trough; crest 
d. length; amplitude 

a. crest; trough 

 
________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus. 

a. Binocular 
b. Opponent 
c. monocular 
d. Trichromatic

a. Binocular

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? 
a. corneal 
b. acoustic 
c. optic 
d. gustatory 

c. optic 

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the 
emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he 
attempts to leave the theater? 
a. cones 
b. fovea 
c. iris 
d. rods 

d. rods 

Tyrahn’s rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, 
so he has trouble seeing in dim light. This is called ________ blindness 
a. sensorineural 
b. night 
c. foveal 
d. conductive

b. night blindness

Which of these is not one of the structures that comprises the outer ear? 
a. the basilar membrane 
b. the pinna 
c. the auditory canal 
d. the eardrum

a. the basilar membrane 

The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the 
________ lobe. 
a. frontal 
b. parietal 
c. occipital 
d. temporal

d. temporal

Some neurons can only generate action potentials up to a certain speed, and no faster. This fact 
is a limitation of the ________ theory of pitch perception. 
a. opponent-process 
b. place 
c. temporal 
d. volley

c. temporal 

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? 
a. Different amplitudes of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different waves. 
b. Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different 
frequencies. 
c. Different portions of the ear are sensitive to sounds of different decibels. 
d. Receptors on different sections of the malleus, incus, and stapes are sensitive to sounds of 
different frequencies. 

b. Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different 
frequencies. 

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?
a. It receives incoming sound information and bypasses the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain through the optic nerve.
b. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.
c. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the basilar membrane to transmit information to the brain.
d. It receives incoming sound information and indirectly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

b. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?
a. Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we
breathe.
b. Because they are unrelated to biological senses.
c. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.
d. We cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body.

c. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.

a. kinesthesia
b. nociception
c. preconception
d. thermoception

b. nociception

Which school of thinking in psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

a. Ruffinian
b. Gestalt
c. Pacinian
d. Humanistic

b. Gestalt

80. When you watch the teacher at the front of the room, you are easily able to distinguish her from the white board (or chalk board) behind her. This demonstrates the Gestalt principle of
________.
a. binocular disparity
b. similarity

c. good continuation
d. a figure-ground relationship

d. a figure-ground relationship

If you watch a flock of birds flying overhead, each very close to the next one, you may perceive them as all being part of the same group. If they were all spaced very much apart, however, you may see them as individual birds not flying together. This distinction takes advantage of which Gestalt principle?

a. proximity
b. closure
c. contiguity
d. figure-ground

a. proximity

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.
a. direct
b. indirect
c. practical
d. theoretical

b. indirect

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.
a. artificial
b. event
c. role
d. script

c. role

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language, or the words contained within that language?
a. grammar
b. lexicon
c. morpheme
d. phoneme

b. lexicon

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?
a. anchoring bias
b. functional fixedness
c. hindsight bias
d. representative bias

b. functional fixedness

What is the confirmation bias?
a. believing the event you just experienced was predictable
b. focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs
c. focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision
d. stereotyping someone or something unintentionally

b. focusing on information that confirms your existing b

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.
a. confirmation bias
b. functional fixedness
c. hindsight bias
d. mental set

d. mental set

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?
a. Charles Spearman
b. Howard Gardner
c. Raymond Cattell
d. Robert Sternberg

d. Robert Sternberg

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai’s ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence
component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
a. analytic
b. creative
c. fluid
d. crystallized

b. creative

Anwar is hiking in the woods and he gets lost. He spends several days trying to find his way back to his basecamp, but he has the knowledge to gather wood, start a fire, and keep himself warm at night. He is also able to identify local berries and mushrooms growing that he can eat without being poisoned. Anwar is demonstrating ________ intelligence from the triarchic theory.
a. analytic
b. fluid
c. functional
d. practical

d. practical

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends’ moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of the multiple intelligences model does this exemplify?
a. interpersonal
b. intrapersonal
c. linguistic
d. naturalist

a. interpersonal

The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is________ intelligence.
a. crystallized
b. intrapersonal
c. applied
d. fluid

d. fluid

In Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.
a. interpersonal; intrapersonal
b. intrapersonal; naturalist
c. logical–mathematical; interpersonal
d. musical; linguistic

a. interpersonal; intrapersonal

What kind of professional would be most qualified to administer an intelligence test?
a. A board-certified psychiatrist.
b. A professional trained in psychology.
c. A social worker who operates in a high school or middle school.
d. An employee of the Social Security administration.

b. A professional trained in psychology.

Which statistic is a measure of how data are dispersed in a population and can be used to give
context to larger data sets?
a. variability
b. standard deviation
c. heritability
d. correlation coefficient

b. standard deviation

What is the Flynn effect?
a. Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically.
b. The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic
groups.
c. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.
d. The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation.

c. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

An intelligence score that falls below ________ indicates significant cognitive delays, and maybe indicative of an intellectual disability.
a. 130
b. 100
c. 70
d. 40

c. 70

Although her reading skills are just fine, Beatriz has difficulty with her writing. Her teachers have noticed that no matter how hard she tries and how much they work with her the handwriting on her papers is almost illegible. Further, although she has great thoughts and understands concepts at a high level, she is unable to put them into a cohesive written paper. Beatriz may
suffer from ________.
a. dyslexia
b. dysgraphia
c. dyscalculia
d. intellectual disability

b. dysgraphia

 Rudy is amazing in all of his school classes, except math. He struggles to understand basic arithmetic concepts, confuses mathematical symbols like “+” and “=”, and gets very frustrated and upset at the thought of doing math homework. Rudy has a normal level of cognitive functioning in other areas, and reads and writes with ease. Rudy’s parents may want to have
him evaluated to see if he suffers from ________.
a. dyslexia
b. dysgraphia
c. dyscalculia
d. intellectual disability

c. dyscalculia

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don’t have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you
won’t forget it. This process is called ________.
a. distributed practice
b. the method of loci
c. rehearsal
d. chunking

c. rehearsal