CHAPTER 7: STAINING OF TISSUES

studied byStudied by 1 person
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 228

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

229 Terms

1

Stains

The only way to render the tissue visible under the light microscope is to provide color to the cell components through

New cards
2

Differential staining

This enables microscopic evaluation of all areas of the tissue.

New cards
3

hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) method.

most common "routine” staining

New cards
4

"Special stains"

Other alternative staining techniques employed when the H& E cannot visualize certain tissue components under consideration.

New cards
5

Hematoxylin

This stain has a deep blue-purple color and stains nucleic acids.

New cards
6

Incompletely understool

Hematoxylin stains by a complex, ____ ____ reaction

New cards
7

Eosin

stain that is pink and stains proteins non-specifically.

New cards
8

blue; pink

In a typical H&E stained section, nuclei appear _____ while the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix show different shades of _____.

New cards
9

Nuclear chromatin activity

this influences the varying depth of hematoxylin stain.

New cards
10

eosin; blue-tinged

Nucleoli stain with _____. Ribosome-rich cytoplasm appears _______

New cards
11

perinuclear absent

A prominent Golgi zone shows _______ ______ staining.

New cards
12

complete removal of paraffin

Staining always begins with the _________ in fixed sections on slides for the water-soluble stain solutions to act on the tissue.

New cards
13

dry storage; wet; coverslip

Mounted tissue samples are stable in ______ until the wax is removed; after which, the tissue must remain ______ until staining ends and the slide is mounted with a ______.

New cards
14

60° C; 30 minutes

Dewaxing starts with heating the slides in ______ oven for at least _____ to soften the wax.

New cards
15

couple; xylene

The slides are then immersed in a _____ of changes of clean _____

New cards
16

descending; distilled water

The slides are taken through _____ concentrations of alcohol to _______.

New cards
17

Lipid stain that absorb the fat

Example of pure physical stain

New cards
18

Chemical stain

Most stains fall under the this type of stain, in which the dye is adsorbed by the cell components.

New cards
19

van der Waals
ionic or electrostatic

covalent

hydrogen

It is then bound to the tissue through ______ forces, _______ or ______ bonds, ______ bonds, or _____ bonds.

New cards
20

basophilic

Tissue elements attracting basic dyes are

New cards
21

acidophilic

Those attracting acidic dyes are

New cards
22

Acidic

Anionic

Negatively charged

Nuclei are generally 1) 2) 3)

New cards
23

Basic

Cationic

Positively charged

Nuclei stain with ___ dyes

New cards
24

Dye-salt

Nuclei stains by forming _____ unions

New cards
25

Basophilic

The reaction in nuclear staining is termed

New cards
26

dyes-metal mordants

Nuclei that are positively charged, decalcified, or contain only basic nucleoproteins stain with _______ combination.

New cards
27

chemical forces

a complex interplay of _______operates on the second mechanism of nuclear staining

New cards
28

amino acid side chains

Cytoplasmic staining is brought about by proteins or charged groups on the _________ of proteins.

New cards
29

amphoteric; pH

Proteins are ______ because they can have either a net positive or negative ionic charge depending on the ____ of the solution.

New cards
30

isoelectric point ; pH 6

The _____ of proteins, in which the positive and negative charges are equal and with no electrical field migration, is approximately _____.

New cards
31

positive; anionic or negatively charged; eosin

In a solution below the IEP or below pH 6, the net charge on the cytoplasmic proteins is ______ and the affinity is for an ______ or _______ dye such as ____.

New cards
32

negative; cationic dye

Above the IEP or above pH 6, the net charge is _____ and the attraction is for a ______.

New cards
33

too low

If the pH of the solution is _____, eosin is uncharged and stains the tissue non-specifically

New cards
34

net negative

Above pH 6, proteins will have a _____ charge and will no longer attract eosin.

New cards
35

carmine

orcein

saffron

hematoxylin.

Most important natural dyes

New cards
36

organic

coal tar

benzene

All dyes are _____ compounds, mostly derivatives of _____ or _____.

A group that confers the property of color is called a chromophore, which is the basis for the general classification of dyes. A compound containing chromophoric groups is called a chromogen.

New cards
37

Chromogens

These substances may or may not be able to act as a dye or combine with cell components to be colored.

New cards
38

auxochrome

To enable the dye to link' to the tissue, an ionizing group called an ____ is required.

New cards
39

Amino group (NH2)

The auxochrome in the 'basic' dyes is the

New cards
40

aniline

_____ contains amino group, and many of the dyes are ____ derivatives.

New cards
41

sulfonic acid (SO2OH) group

The usual auxochrome in the 'acid' dyes is the ______, ionized to produce negative charges;

New cards
42

Carboxyl (COOH) groups

Hydroxyl (OH) groups

Two other acidic auxochromes are the ____ and ____ groups

New cards
43

positive charge

Basic dyes, properly called cationic dyes, are those dyes with a ______

New cards
44

negative charge

Acid dyes, or anionic dyes, are those with a _____.

New cards
45

chloride salts

Cationic dyes most frequently are

New cards
46

crystal violet

safranin

Examples of cationic dyes

New cards
47

sodium salts

anionic dyes most frequently are ___

New cards
48

orange G

picric acid

Example of anionic dyes

New cards
49

pH 3 to 9

Most dyes remain cationic or anionic throughout the pH range in which most staining occurs

New cards
50

cationic

Some dyes are amphoteric; they are ____ at pH below the IEP

New cards
51

Anionic

Some dyes are amphoteric; they are ____ at pH above the IEP

New cards
52

Hematein; 6.6

It is an example of an amphoteric dye having an IEP of about pH _____

New cards
53

Lipid stains

These are non-ionic compounds incapable of electrolytic dissociation.

New cards
54

False

Lipids are dyes, as they have been classified as neutral dyes

New cards
55

organic solvents; water

Lipid dyes are soluble in some ______ but not in ____

New cards
56

dissolving

Lipid stains 'color' certain tissue elements by _____ in them (physical staining).

New cards
57

pH of the solution

The tissue element and the dye molecule must have complementary charges in order to bind.

New cards
58

Increase in temperature

This swells the tissue and facilitates diffusion of dye molecules for effective dye action and rapid staining time.

New cards
59

Increased concentration of dye molecules

The difference in gradient propels tissue-dye binding.

New cards
60

Salt ions

_____ in the solution and dye ions probably compete for the same binding sites, altering the intensity of dye binding.

New cards
61

Presence of other salts

competition for the same binding sites, altering the intensity of dye binding.

New cards
62

type of fixative

the ____ alters the staining character of the tissue by reacting with certain chemical groups in the tissue and making them unavailable for dye binding,

New cards
63

Formalin

____ reacts with the tissue amino (NH2 group)the primary eosin binder, lessening the eosin tissue uptake.

New cards
64

potassium dichromate

This fixatives take up less hematoxylin than eosin

New cards
65

Zenker

Bouin

unbuffered formalin

A tissue overexposed to acidic fixatives such as ___, ___, or ____ will lose its basophilic (nuclear) staining properties

New cards
66

Progressive staining

it is a staining method in which the reaction proceeds 'forward and is stopped once the desired intensity of color is achieved.

New cards
67

Regressive staining

the tissue is overstained and then differentiated and then decolorized, until only the desired element remains stained

New cards
68

mordant

This is substance is usually a metal, that links the dye to the tissue.

New cards
69

Basic

Mordant combines with the dye to form a "lake" that is usually _____ in action.

New cards
70

progressively

Many dyes, including counterstains (cytoplasmic stains) and even mordant dyes, are used ____.

New cards
71

Regressively

Mordant dyes are more effective when used _____ to achieve differential staining

New cards
72

weak acid

Basic (cationic) dyes are differentiated by ____ solutions

New cards
73

weak alkaline

acidic (anionic) dyes are differentiated by ____ solutions.

New cards
74

Aluminum hematoxylins

dilute HCl solution

New cards
75

Eosin

Dilute ammonium hydroxide solution

New cards
76

Alcohol

If the differentiating solutions are prepared in ____ instead of water, better control of decolorization is possible.

New cards
77

tissue-mordant dye

Excess mordant in the differentiating solution will dissolve the ______

New cards
78

True

The most dye-bound tissue elements will decolorize last.

New cards
79

Oxidizing differentiators

are substances added to the dye that oxidize it to a colorless substance, in effect differentiating it as well.

New cards
80

Potassium permanganate

this chemical is used as an oxidizing differentiator

New cards
81

Hematoxylin

most widely used nuclear stain

New cards
82

Haematoxylon campechiamum

Hematoxylin is extracted naturally from the log wood called ___ although synthetic equivalents are available

New cards
83

True

Hematoxylin per se is not a dye

New cards
84

hematein; anionine

it is the oxidation product of hematoxylin, is a weak _____ dye.

New cards
85

ripening

In the process termed _____, oxidation is achieved either by exposing the solution to air or by mixing oxidizers.

New cards
86

false

Oxidation to hematein is not needed.

New cards
87

pH

Alkaline
acidic

The oxidation rate is ______ dependent, as hematein forms rapidly in ____ solutions but slowly in ____solutions.

New cards
88

sodium iodate

potassium permanganate.

Oxidizers mixed with haematein to oxidize

New cards
89

Harris hematoxylin

This is the hematoxylin commonly used in routine H&E

New cards
90

Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS)

selected special stains such where harris hematoxylin is used

New cards
91

mercuric oxide

sodium iodate

There are ready-to-use preparations of harris hematoxylin available in the market. The original formula uses _____ (toxic) but is now replaced by ______.

New cards
92

hematoxylin

Absolute ethyl alcohol

Harris hematoxylin preparation:

  1. Dissolve ____ in ____

New cards
93

ammonium aluminum sulfate

Distilled water

Harris hematoxylin preparation:

  1. dissolve _____ in ______ with heat.

New cards
94

Sodium iodate (oxidizer)

Harris hematoxylin preparation:

  1. Mix the 2 solutions and bring rapidly to a boil. Remove it from heat and slowly add_____.

New cards
95

Dark purple

Harris hematoxylin preparation:

Reheat it to boiling until the solution becomes ___ ____. Remove it from heat, and immediately place the vessel into a basin of ice.

New cards
96

metallic sheen

The harris hematoxylin stain is ready for use after cooling or when there is a _______ on the surface of the solution.

New cards
97

glacial acetic acid

4mL

96 mL

Filter the harris hematoxylin before use, and add ______ to give a final concentration of 4% (_____ of glacial acetic acid for every _____ of hematoxylin).

New cards
98

progressive stain

Regressive stain

Harris solution is used best as a _____(as originally intended), but may also be used as a _______.

New cards
99

1g

How many grams of hematoxylin is present in mayer hematoxylin

New cards
100

1000mL

How many mL of distilled water is present in mayer hematoxylin

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 17 people
312 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 38 people
379 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 21 people
759 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 56 people
798 days ago
5.0(4)
note Note
studied byStudied by 411 people
345 days ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 20 people
898 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 14 people
899 days ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (147)
studied byStudied by 56 people
850 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (31)
studied byStudied by 16 people
87 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (90)
studied byStudied by 26 people
422 days ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (46)
studied byStudied by 5 people
395 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (297)
studied byStudied by 602 people
832 days ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (26)
studied byStudied by 3 people
815 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (42)
studied byStudied by 11 people
548 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (38)
studied byStudied by 7 people
638 days ago
5.0(1)
robot