TCU: contemporary issues in biology exam 2 - Sawey

Chromosomal gene disorders

Gametes have abnormal chromosome numbers and mutation

-offspring inherit extra chromosome or are missing one

-caused by problems with meiosis

Down syndrome is an example of a _________ gene disorder

chromosomal

Single gene disorders

correct number of chromosomes, but one of the chromosomes contains a gene that is responsible for the disease

Cystic Fibrosis is an example of a ________ gene disorder

single

Down Syndrome

occurs when 21st chromosome pairs don't separate properly during meiosis- child gets 3 chromosomes of 21st pair. Caused by a recessive allele.

Hemophilia is a example of a ___________ gene disorder

single

can a man be a carrier for a sex linked disease?

no

hemophilia

mutations in DNA that prevent blood clotting proteins from being made caused by a sex-linked recessive allele

-only linked to X sex chromosome

Xn Xn or Xn Y

Genotype

refers to alleles

phenotype

refers to appearance

how many human diseases are thought to be inherited?

4,000

how many genetic tests available to doctors

900

In vitro fertilization

tests can be run on embryos created this way prior to implantation

DTC= Direct to consumer tests

-not regulated by FDA

-consumers don't usually have enough knowledge about genetics to understand the results

genetic tests positives

-not as worried about getting a disease

-might be able to change lifestyle to reduce risk of getting disease

-your doctor will now how often to check to see if the disease is developing

-you might be able to take medicine to prevent the disease

Genetic test negatives

-may make you more worried

-may cause feeling of guilt or strain on family relationships

amniocentesis

around age 45 risk of having a child with down syndrome exceeds risk of miscarriage

-before 45: test not done

-after 45: test is more common

Human are made out of about _______ types of proteins

2 million

humans run on the energy of _______ converted from ______ and ______

ATP;glucose and fats

major function of a typical cell is to

produce proteins

What is required for the process of cells producing proteins

ATP

Cellular respiration

Process by which energy of sugar(glucose) is converted into the energy of ATP

The energy is needed for all cells to perform their function comes from......

ATP-made during cellular respiration

Where do the "raw materials" needed for cellular respiration come from?

The food we eat and the air we breath

Where does cellular respiration take place

the mitochondria of the cell

C6H12O6+O2+ADP+P

ATP+Co2+H2O

Energy for contraction of muscle is supplied by

ATP

Cellular respiration "recharges" ADP back to

ATP(reconnects the phosphate)

during cellular respiration energy is neither _____ nor _________

created;destroyed

ATP Tri Phosphate

3 phosphate groups

high energy state

more available energy for the cell

ATP analogous to fully charged battery

energy can be used to do the cell's work

as the cell uses ATP, it "drains the battery"

ADP Di-phosphate

-2 phosphate groups

lower energy state

-no available energy for the cell

ADP analogous to dead battery

energy is used up

3 types of food molecules

protein, fat, carbohydrates

protein

chains of amino acids

fat

glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acids

carbohydrates

individual or chains of simple sugar units

True or false? Humans produce an enzyme to digest cellulose

FALSE.

Passes through the digestive system undigested

cellulose is referred to as fiber

Why digest our food?

-food we eat is too complex to be used "as is"

-must be broken down into simpler molecules

-cellular respiration requires GLUCOSE

Digestive tract includes

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine , large intestine, and rectum

digestive tract definition

a tube that passes through the body and the contents of the tube aren't actually "in" the body yet

digestive system

functions to break down the food particles inside the tube into small enough pieces to be passes across the wall of the tube (small intestine) into the blood stream

breakdown process accomplished using secretions from accessory glands

salivary glands:mouth

gastric:stomach

pancreas: small intestine

liver: small intestine

after moving through the tube and encountering all of these digestive secretions, the food is broken down into its smallest unites so it can be absorbed into the blood from the ____________

small intestine

large intestine

functions primarily to remove water from the digestive tube to conserve water and keep the body hydrated

amylase from salivary glands converts some starch to....

maltose

True or False? there is no digestion of starch in stomach

true

what coverts starch to maltose

amylase from pancreas

what converts maltose to glucose

maltase from small intestine

glucose is absorbed through the ______________________________ to circulate throughout the body

walls of the small intestine

Is there digestion of proteins in the mouth?

no; mechanical breakdown but no digestion

What converts some protein into shorter polypeptides

HCL and pepsin from gastric glands

the stomach has a protective mucus layer that allows....

proteins to be digested without digesting the proteins of the stomach itself

salivary glands

amylase

gastric glands

HCL and pepsin

pancreas

amylase, trypsin, lipase

liver

bile

small intestine

maltase and peptidase

what converts short polypeptides into amino acids

peptidase from small intestine

Most digestion of food molecules is completed in the?

Small intestine

molecules are broken down in to their smallest parts and are across across the _________ ____ into the _____________ of the intestine

intestinal wall;capillaries

small intestine-hepatic portal vein..

-liver-circulatory system-body cells (used for energy and protein/fat synthesis)

what converts remaining protein into shorter polypeptides

trypsin from pancreas

No digestion of fat in.....

the mouth and stomach

what break down fat to fat droplets

bile from liver

what converts fat droplets to fatty acids and glycerol

lipase from the pancreas

moat digestion of food molecules is completed in the...

small intestine

absorption of food molecules: food molecules must be....

small enough to move into capillaries

simpler molecules must be transported throughout the body to every cell because?

ATP is NOT centrally made and transported; each cell makes its own ATP

how does digested food molecules move?

from small intestine-blood-liver

liver-circulatory system-heart-body cells

functions of the heart

-pump blood to lungs to get oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide

-pump blood to organs and cells of body to supply nutrients and pickup waste

cross-section of the heart

heart=2 distinct pumps

valves are present between the atria and ventricles that keep blood flowing in one direction

order of blood flow

right atrium-right ventricle- lungs-left atrium-left ventricle-body

cardiac cycle

1. atria and ventricles relaxed

2. atria contract

3. ventricles contract

why does the heart muscle contract

due to electrical signals generated by nervous tissue contained within the heart

What are the three masses of nervous tissues that generate electrical signals

SA node

AV node

Purkinje fibers

SA node

collection of neural cells that stimulates contraction of the atria that sends blood through the AV valves to the ventricles

AV node

collection of neural tissue that carries the implies down to the ventricles and causes the ventricles to contract forcing the blood out of the heart

purkinje fibers

neural cells that carry the impulse throughout the ventricular muscle tissue

electrocardiogram(EKG or ECG)

p wave

QRS

t wave

P wave

prior to atrial contraction

QRS

prior to ventricular contraction

T wave

occurs when ventricles recovering from contraction

arteries

carry blood away from the heart to the body

viens

return blood from the body back to the heart

diet and heart disease

1. high intake of saturated fat

2. increase in LDL; HDL ratio

3. increased deposition of cholesterol in arteries of the heart

4. blockage of arteries and death of heart muscle

saturated fat

molecules have hydrogens attached to each carbon atom

unsaturated fat

some hydrogens missing

LDL(low- density lipoprotein)

the "bad" cholesterol that deposits fatty particles in your blood vessels to form plaques and block arteries

HDL(High-density lipoprotein)

the "good" cholesterol that carries fatty particles from your blood vessels

total of _____ mg/dL or below is healthy

200

LDL below ______, HDL above _______

130;45

French paradox

French have low rates of heart disease but consume high amounts of saturated fat. They consume wine with every meal; wine might help with heart disease

J shaped curve hypothesis

top: high levels

curve: low levels

end: no level

high levels

excessive alcohol consumption is associated with the highest level of health problems

low levels

moderate alcohol consumption is associated with fewer health problems than no alcohol consumption

no level

no alcohol consumption is associated with more health problems than moderate alcohol consumption

benefits of moderate drinking

alcohol beverages offer pharmacological benefits, especially to people at elevated risk of heart disease

is drinking a substitute for exercise, eating a heathy diet or giving up cigarettes

NO!!

Guidelines of the US department of health and human services defines moderate drinking as:

-no more than one drink a day for most women

-no more than two drinks a day for most men

-a standard drink is considered to be 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, 1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits