Western Heritage Final Study Guide

Julius Caesar

Roman dictator assassinated by Roman senators

Martin Luther

Theologian who focused on the idea of justification by faith alone and started German reformation

Nicholas Copernicus

Scientist whose idea of heliocentrism helped start the scientific revolution

Moses

Hebrew leader during the Exodus from Egypt

Louis XIV of France

Absolutist French King who once famously said “I am the state”

John I

King who was forced to sign the Magna Carta

Caesar Augustus

Roman Emperor who started the pox Romana

Muhammad

Founder of Islam

John Locke

Enlighten thinker who wrote about the natural rights of life , liberty, and property for all people

Oliver Cromwell

England General who led the new model Army to victory in the English civil war

Charlemagne

King of France who was crowned emperor in Rome

John Calvin

French Reformer who proposed the idea of double Predestination

Isaac Newton

Scientist who developed the theory of universal gravitation

Alexander the Great

Macedonia King who conquered the Persian empire

Charles I of England

English King who was beheaded after losing the Civil War

Constantine

Roman emperor who legalized Christianity and called the council of Nicaea

Francis Bacon

Scientist who is credited with developing the scientific method based on inductive reasoning

Napoleon Bonaparte

French emperor who lost the battle of Waterloo

Jesus of Nazareth

Jewish Messiah

What were the Historically significant outcome of the scientific revolution

Scientific Method: Questioning things, Experimenting, and reasoning

A vision of Human Progress

What significant problems resulted from Louis XIV’s absolutist rule in France

Nobles were exempted from taxation

Decay of Estate General

Successors ineffective at maintaining political control

What were the major demands of the long parliament

Calls parliament every three years

King cannot dissolve parliament without its consent

King cannot collect taxes without parliament consent

Abolish the star chamber (Kings Private court)

Reign of Terror

Committee of Public safety led by Maximilien Robespierre

Thermidorian Reaction

Robespierre arrested on July 27th, 1794, Committee of public safety disbanded

Tennis Court Oath

June 10, Third Estate refused to disband until they had a constitution

Estates System

First Estate: Clergy, exempt from taxes; collect tithe

Second Estate: Nobility, Exempt from taxes; Feudal dues

Third Estate: Commoners

Mesopotamia

Beginning of Civilization, Land “Between Rivers” Tigris and Euphrates

Edict Of Nantes

Toleration for Huguenots (French Protestants)

Public worship in specified areas

Access to Education

Still had to pay the Tithe

Thirty Year War

Calvinists wanted to be included in the renewal of the peace of Augsburg

1617 – Centennial celebrations of the 95 theses increased tensions between protestant and Catholics

Defenestration of Prague

Peace of Westphalia

Religious impact, toleration for Lutherans, Calvinists, and Catholics

Political Impact – Rise of the France and Fall of the Spain

Netherlands gains independence

Holy Roman Emperor becomes a figurehead

Scientific Revolution

Renaissance Humanism

Discovery of the New World

Development of Scientific instrument (Telescope, Microscope)

Scientific Revolution Outcomes

Use of Reason (Not the Bible) to investigate the natural world

Decrease in belief in magic and witches

Vision of Human progress

Mercantilism

Government regulates and promote commerce to achieve a “favorable balance of trade”

Constitutionalism

The principle that government powers are limited by a set of rules, typically outlined in a constitution, to protect individual rights and prevent the abuse of power

Grego Persian War

Greek Unity against Persia, preserved independence

Athenian Democracy

Direct Democracy; citizen voted on laws

Fall of Roman Empire; Causes

Economic Decline, military overreach, invasions, political instability

Renaissance

“Rebirth” of classical learning, art, science; Human – centered worldview

Humanism

Emphasis on human potential, secular learning, classical texts

Causes of Protestant Reformation

Corruption in Church, indulgences, printing press, desire for personal faith

Anabaptists

Adult baptism; separation of church and state; pacifism

Religious and political impact of the protestant reformation

fragmentation of Christianity; war of religion; rise of nation-states

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

1572 slaughter of French Protestant

Absolutism

Monarch holds total power, divine right

Causes of the Bishop War

Imposed Anglican practices on Scotland; resistance led to war

The Irish Revolt

1641 Catholic uprising against protestant settlers

The glorious revolution of 1688

Overthrow of James II, William and Mary accepted constitutional monarchy

English Bill of Rights

Limited Monarchy; Affirmed rights of parliament and citizens

Major themes of Enlightenment

Reason, Progress, Liberty, Equality, skepticism of tradition

How the Enlightenment Spread

Printing press, salons, academics, coffeehouses

Philosophes

Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau – advocated reform and rationalism

Deism

Belief in rational God; rejection of organized religion

Fall of the Bastille Prison

Symbol of tyranny; sparked revolution

Liberalism

Individual rights, mass executions under Robespierre