Cells and Organs of the Immune System

immunology

the branch of biomedical science concerned with the responses of organisms to immunogenic (antigen) challenges, the recognition of self from non-self, and all the biological, serological, physical, and chemical aspects of the immune phenomena

immunogenic

Immunology is concerned with the responses of organisms to _________ (antigen) challenges, the recognition of self from non-self, and all the biological, serological, physical, and chemical aspects of the immune phenomena

antigen

Immunology is concerned with the responses of organisms to immunogenic (___________) challenges, the recognition of self from non-self, and all the biological, serological, physical, and chemical aspects of the immune phenomena

recognition of self from non-self

Immunology is concerned with the responses of organisms to immunogenic (antigen) challenges, the ___________________, and all the biological, serological, physical, and chemical aspects of the immune phenomena

biological

Immunology is concerned with the responses of organisms to immunogenic (antigen) challenges, the recognition of self from non-self, and all the ________, serological, physical, and chemical aspects of the immune phenomena

serological

Immunology is concerned with the responses of organisms to immunogenic (antigen) challenges, the recognition of self from non-self, and all the biological, __________, physical, and chemical aspects of the immune phenomena

physical

Immunology is concerned with the responses of organisms to immunogenic (antigen) challenges, the recognition of self from non-self, and all the biological, serological, __________, and chemical aspects of the immune phenomena

chemical

Immunology is concerned with the responses of organisms to immunogenic (antigen) challenges, the recognition of self from non-self, and all the biological, serological, physical, and ________ aspects of the immune phenomena

hematopoietic stem cell

All cells of the immune system originate from a

myeloid progenitor

Erythrocytes, platelets, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells originate from a

lymphoid progenitor

B cells, T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells originate from a

innate

“Non-specific” defenses make up the _______ arm of the immune system

adaptive

“Specific” defenses make up the _______ arm of the immune system

parasites

Basophils and Eosinophils are important for host defense against

Phagocytosis, degranulation

Basophil MOA: ________ and __________

basophils

LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18), Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18), and CD44 are adhesion molecules expressed by

eosinophils

IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF cause differentiation of

eosinophils

___________ respond to chemokines (CCL5/RANTES, CCL11/eotaxin-1, and CCL24/eotaxin-2) secreted by neutrophils or lymphocytes

band-shaped nucleus

Immature neutrophils have a distinct

segmented nucleus

Mature neutrophils have a

left shift

A sudden uptick in immature neutrophils is called a

Neutrophils

The most numerous innate immune cell

neutrophils

Cells that can use a network of extracellular fibers to trap and bind pathogens.

absolute neutrophil count

The number of circulating neutrophils is estimated by the

neutrophilia

A high ANC is called

kidney failure, bacterial infection

Neutrophilia can be caused by _____ ____ or _____ ____

neutropenia

A low ANC is called

leukemia, bone marrow damage

Neutropenia can be caused by _________ or ______ ______ _____

increased risk of infection

neutropenia comes with an

connective tissue mast cells

Mast cells involved in local allergic reactions.

mucosal mast cells

Mast cells found in areas of the body most commonly exposed to the environment.

parasites

Mast cells play an important role in defense against

histamine

Most common inflammatory mediator released by mast cells

monocytes

They are called _________ in the bloodstream, and macrophages in tissues.

macrophages

They are called monocytes in the bloodstream, and __________ in tissues.

macrophages

osteoclasts, microglial cells, histiocytes, and kupffer cells are all tissue-specific populations of

macrophages

Cells with important “housekeeping” functions such as recycling dead cells.

false

(TRUE/FALSE): Macrophages phagocytose and process dead cells as part of an immune response.

true

(TRUE/FALSE): Macrophages phagocytose and process dead cells without an immune response.

false

(TRUE/FALSE): Basophils are responsible for antigen presentation

false

(TRUE/FALSE): Neutrophils are responsible for antigen presentation

false

(TRUE/FALSE): Eosinophils are responsible for antigen presentation

false

(TRUE/FALSE): Mast Cells are responsible for antigen presentation

true

(TRUE/FALSE): Macrophages are responsible for antigen presentation

false

(TRUE/FALSE): NK cells are responsible for antigen presentation

true

(TRUE/FALSE): DCs are responsible for antigen presentation

innate

NK cells are part of the (INNATE/ADAPTIVE) immune response.

virus infected, tumor

NK cells are excellent at identifying and killing ________ _______ and _______ cells.

cytolytic

NK cells function as __________ effectors.

membrane attack

NK cells utilize ________ _______ complexes to blast holes in the cell walls of compromised cells.

dendritic cells

Sentinel cells constantly sensing and responding to their immediate environment.

dendritic cells

Cells said to bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immunity.

T

Dendritic cells present antigens to _ cells

self-tolerance

Dendritic cells are critical to promoting

Secondary lymphoid organs

Maturing DCs travel to _____ ______ _____ where they become potent T cell activators

classical, plasmacytoid

DCs can be classified as either __________ or __________

type I interferon

pDCs secrete large amounts of

dendritic cells

Plasmacytoid __________ _______ secrete large amounts of type i IFNs upon activation through TLR7 and TLR9

humoral immune response

Lymphocytes are an essential component of the

B

_ cells mature in the bone marrow of most mammals, or the bursa of fabricius in birds.

antigens

B cells are activated when they bind

antibodies

B cells are responsible for generating

complement activation

Antibodies coat the surface of a pathogen and serve three major roles: neutralization, opsonization, and

opsonization

Antibodies coat the surface of a pathogen and serve three major roles: neutralization, complement activation, and

neutralization

Antibodies coat the surface of a pathogen and serve three major roles: complement activation, opsonization, and

neutralization

A pathogen is covered in antibodies and cannot further infect host cells.

opsonization

A pathogen is covered in antibodies which serves to alert immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, to engulf and digest the pathogen

Complement activation

A process for directly destroying or lysing pathogens.

BCR

The B cell antigen specific receptor.

TCR

The T cell antigen specific receptor.

thymocytes

In the thymus, immature T cells are known as

cytotoxic

CD8+ T cells are also called ___________ T cells.

helper

CD4+ T cells are also called __________ T cells.

cytotoxic granules

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes have _________ _________

infected, cancer

CD8+ T cells can recognize and kill _________ or __________ cells

4

There are (#) major CD4+ T cell subsets.

regulatory

The 4 major classes of T helper cells are: Th1, Th2, Th17, and T _________ cells.

1

The 4 major classes of T helper cells are: Th_____, Th2, Th17, and T regulatory cells.

2

The 4 major classes of T helper cells are: Th1, Th_, Th17, and T regulatory cells.

17

The 4 major classes of T helper cells are: Th1, Th2, Th_, and T regulatory cells.

intracellular pathogens

Th1 cells coordinate an immune response against

cytokines

Th1 cells produce and secrete _________ that alert and activate other immune cells.

extracellular pathogens

Th2 cells coordinate immune responses against

mast cells

Th2 cells coordinate immune responses against extracellular parasites like helminths. They alert B cells, granulocytes, and

IL-17

Th17 cells are named for their ability to produce a specific cytokine abbreviated as

extracellular bacteria

Th17 cells protect surfaces like the skin and the gut against

activity of other T cells

Tregs monitor and inhibit the

inhibit

Regulatory T cells (PROMOTE/INHIBIT) T cell activity

receptors

Protein structures expressed on either the surface of a cell or in intracellular compartments

ligands

Molecules that activate receptors. May be free-floating or membrane-bound

expression, density

Immune cells can alter the ______ and ______ of various receptors and ligands.

cytokines

small proteins with diverse functions such as cell growth and activation.

Toll-like receptors

Receptors expressed on innate immune cells like macrophages and dendritic cells.

general microbial patterns

TLRs recognize _____ ______ ______, while BCRs and TCRs recognize foreign antigens.

foreign antigens

TLRs recognize general microbial patterns, while BCRs and TCRs recognize _______ ______.

host, foreign

MHC proteins signal whether a cell is a ______ or ______ cell.

antigens

MHC proteins function as carriers to present ____________ on cell surfaces

proteins

Complement consists of a series of __________ found in the blood.

signalling

The complement proteins serve as ____________ molecules as well as attacking pathogens.

liver

Lymphoid cells are first produced in the yolk sac, fetal omentum, and